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It is critical to understand the mechanisms and impacts of global climate change in cryosphere and polar environment. Here we describe the design and progress of the remote sensing products we have developed to monitor these changes. We obtain datasets by combining multi-sensor remote sensing systems with field validation systems, and then develop a methodological system that combines multiple sources and calibration technologies to address the challenges of data heterogeneity in dynamically monitoring key parameters. This global change and response special project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China, named 'observation and inversion of critical parameters of changes in the cryosphere and polar environment', providing comprehensive records of essential elements of the cryosphere through long-term satellite records. The multi-team is completing the project and collecting data from multi-sensor to create remote sensing data products that include records of changes in the cryosphere, such as permafrost, glaciers, ice sheet mass balance, seasonal snow accumulation, sea ice, and albedo changes. Finally, the existing ground- and space-based observing system can be improved to provide dynamic monitoring of key parameters in the cryosphere and changes in the polar environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervised classification is the commonly used method for extracting ground information from images. However, for supervised classification, the selection and labelling of training samples is an expensive and time-consuming task. Recently, automatic information indexes have achieved satisfactory results for indicating different land-cover classes, which makes it possible to develop an automatic method for labelling the training samples instead of manual interpretation. In this paper, we propose a method for the automatic selection and labelling of training samples for high-resolution image classification. In this way, the initial candidate training samples can be provided by the information indexes and open-source geographical information system (GIS) data, referring to the representative land-cover classes: buildings, roads, soil, water, shadow, and vegetation. Several operations are then applied to refine the initial samples, including removing overlaps, removing borders, and semantic constraints. The proposed sampling method is evaluated on a series of high-resolution remote sensing images over urban areas, and is compared to classification with manually labeled training samples. It is found that the proposed method is able to provide and label a large number of reliable samples, and can achieve satisfactory results for different classifiers. In addition, our experiments show that active learning can further enhance the classification performance, as active learning is used to choose the most informative samples from the automatically labeled samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Facing the growing energy demand and the requirement of low-carbon development, China is making great efforts to fulfill the international cooperation on renewable energy aimed at protecting the security of energy and economy. Whereas, energy problems in various countries have become increasingly prominent, and the lack of a multilateral cooperation mechanism has become the key obstacle to the cooperation. This paper analyzes current situation and existing problems of international cooperation on renewable energy in China, and then puts forward the establishment of three cooperation mechanisms: the regional mechanism, the developing countries mechanism and the developing-developed countries mechanism, followed by a summary and analysis of the participants. The principles and steps of mechanisms making and the cooperation institution for mechanism operation will be discussed as well as making some policy recommendations on the cooperation methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to ease environment pressure and alleviate the scarce problem of energy, Chinese government has begun to exploit and develop shale gas (SG) since 2009. However, the formation of competitive market is bristled with difficulties, due to its infancy, imperfect and lack of standardization. This paper firstly analyzes the status quo of technology, policy, cost, and competition of SG industry in China. Then a system dynamics (SD) model is built to show various trends of Chinese SG industry under different scenarios, which shows that technology, policy and cost all have effects on competitiveness. At last, the simulations reveal that the number of competitors in Chinese SG industry will arrive at its peak from 2019 to 2020. The corresponding recommendations have been presented: Chinese government should pay more attention on the perfection of laws and regulations of SG industry. And competitors should focus on increasing R&D investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nowadays, China is faced with many issues, such as increasing farmers’ income, protecting environment and adjusting energy structure, which may be solved by developing the biomass power generation industry. However, the lack of technical capability, inadequate raw materials and challenges for grid feed-in are all obstacles that prevent large-scale production and industrialization in the biomass power generation industry. Therefore, government should provide necessary policies to support and advance the biomass power generation industry. This paper systematically analyzes the current laws, regulations and policies implemented recently in China and provides a comprehensive review of the fiscal subsidies, reduction and exemption of taxes, tariff concessions, the policies of investment and financing and the support of R&D. Suggestions for relevant policies are proposed to address the existing problems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the rapid development of the society, energy demand is becoming more urgent. So it is necessary to exploit the renewable energy because of the limited conventional energy. This paper introduced the current development situation of the renewable energy, analyzed the subsidy policy and discussed the problems of the electricity price mechanisms and policies in China. Finally we got the conclusion that government should formulate more policies to encourage private and foreign enterprises to invest renewable energy industries as well as to apply the CDM mechanism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]