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From the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, the development of the history of education in China can be divided into four stages: a budding period, one of tortuous development, a recovery stage and finally one of stable growth influenced by various ideas and themes from other countries. Abundant academic areas and topics as well as a diversity of research methods have shaped this discipline and borne remarkable academic fruit while pursuing Chinese features in discipline-building. However, such problems as crisis in the discipline, discipline categorisation and the gap between academic values and practical applications of the research outcome are prominent issues with which researchers in history of education in China need to grapple. In the future, studies of educational historiography, the enrichment of historical materials, the proper treatment of interdisciplinary research and the internationalisation of the discipline need to be further worked on in order to advance the field.

Given China's aging population and the introduction of the three-child policy, there are implications for the future population covered by basic medical insurance funds in urban and rural China. Based on the concept of sustainable development, this study uses the cohort-component projection method to calculate the population covered by basic medical insurance funds and the aging of the insured population in China from 2020 to 2050 based on several assumed scenarios of the total fertility rate. Our results show that, first, the three-child policy can increase China's total fertility rate but cannot alleviate the aging problem of the population covered by medical insurance. Second, the three-child policy has a delayed effect on alleviating the aging issue of the insured population. Third, the aging problem of urban and rural residents covered by insurance is more severe than that of urban employees covered by insurance. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed based on this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, the development of the history of education in China can be divided into four stages: a budding period, one of tortuous development, a recovery stage and finally one of stable growth influenced by various ideas and themes from other countries. Abundant academic areas and topics as well as a diversity of research methods have shaped this discipline and borne remarkable academic fruit while pursuing Chinese features in discipline-building. However, such problems as crisis in the discipline, discipline categorisation and the gap between academic values and practical applications of the research outcome are prominent issues with which researchers in history of education in China need to grapple. In the future, studies of educational historiography, the enrichment of historical materials, the proper treatment of interdisciplinary research and the internationalisation of the discipline need to be further worked on in order to advance the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a fusion model combining clinical variables, deep learning (DL), and radiomics features to predict the functional outcomes early in patients with adult anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in Southwest China. Methods: From January 2012, a two-center study of anti-NMDAR encephalitis was initiated to collect clinical and MRI data from acute patients in Southwest China. Two experienced neurologists independently assessed the patients' prognosis at 24 moths based on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (good outcome defined as mRS 0–2; bad outcome defined as mRS 3-6). Risk factors influencing the prognosis of patients with acute anti-NMDAR encephalitis were investigated using clinical data. Five DL and radiomics models trained with four single or combined four MRI sequences (T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging and diffusion weighted imaging) and a clinical model were developed to predict the prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. A fusion model combing a clinical model and two machine learning-based models was built. The performances of the fusion model, clinical model, DL-based models and radiomics-based models were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and accuracy and then assessed by paired t-tests (P < 0.05 was considered significant). Results: The fusion model achieved the significantly greatest predictive performance in the internal test dataset with an AUC of 0.963 [95% CI: (0.874-0.999)], and also significantly exhibited an equally good performance in the external validation dataset, with an AUC of 0.927 [95% CI: (0.688-0.975)]. The radiomics_combined model (AUC: 0.889; accuracy: 0.857) provided significantly superior predictive performance than the DL_combined (AUC: 0.845; accuracy: 0.857) and clinical models (AUC: 0.840; accuracy: 0.905), whereas the clinical model showed significantly higher accuracy. Compared with all single-sequence models, the DL_combined model and the radiomics_combined model had significantly greater AUCs and accuracies. Conclusions: The fusion model combining clinical variables and machine learning-based models may have early predictive value for poor outcomes associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is one of the main active ingredients in the fruit of L. barbarum L. It has been used as herbal medicine for thousands of years in China. In this study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was taken as the research object. After feeding tilapia with 5 different doses of LBP (0 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 1500 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg) for 55 d, it was found that LBP could promote the growth of tilapia, and this effect was the strongest at Group 1500 mg/kg. Apoptosis analysis in the liver and spleen showed that dietary supplementation with 1000 mg/kg LBP had the best protective effect on the spleen and liver in tilapia. Combined transcriptomics and metabolomics of the spleen in tilapia at Group 0 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) such as NT5C2L1, pmm1, FasL and the differentially metabolites such as xanthine, dGMP, guanine and glutamate were mainly concentrated in signaling pathways such as Purine metabolism and FoxO signaling pathway. In conclusion, LBP regulates the metabolic waste levels of tilapia mainly through Purine metabolism and the FoxO signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting cell apoptosis, improving the utilization of nutrients, and promoting the growth of tilapia. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for the application of LBP in aquatic animals but also provides useful information for the healthy development of the aquaculture. • LBP can improve the growth parameters of tilapia. • LBP has a protective effect on the spleen and liver of tilapia. • Combined transcriptomics and metabolomics showed that LBP regulates the apoptosis of tilapia spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although animal experiments found that antibiotic exposure during early life increased adiposity, limited human epidemiological evidence is available for the effects of veterinary antibiotic exposure on children's growth and development. This study was conducted to examine the body burden of fluoroquinolones in northern Chinese children and assess its association with growth and development. After recruiting 233 children aged 0–15 years from 12 different sites in northern China in 2020, we measured urinary concentrations of 5 respective fluoroquinolones (fleroxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin) by high performance liquid chromatography. Categories of children's growth and development were identified based on the Z score of body mass index. The health risks of individual and combined antibiotic exposure were estimated by the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), respectively. The association between children's growth and development with antibiotic concentrations was evaluated via multiple logistic regression analysis. In total, 4 antibiotics, fleroxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin, were found in urine samples of northern Chinese children at an overall frequency of 57.08%. Due to diet and economic differences, antibiotic concentrations in urine samples differed by study area, and the highest concentrations were found in Tianjin, Henan, and Beijing. The percentage of the participants with HQ > 1 caused by ciprofloxacin exposure was 20.61%, and the HI values in 23.18% of samples exceeded 1, suggesting potential health risks. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of overweight or obesity risk of tertile 2 of enrofloxacin was 3.01 (1.12, 8.11), indicating an increase in overweight or obesity risk for children with middle-concentration enrofloxacin exposure. This is the first study to show a positive association of enrofloxacin internal exposure with overweight or obesity risk in children, demonstrating that more attention should be given to the usage and disposal of fluoroquinolones to safeguard children's health. [Display omitted] • 57.08% of Northern Chinese children were exposed to 4 fluoroquinolones. • Ban of norfloxacin and ofloxacin led to prevalence of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. • Hazard indices in 23.18% of samples exceeded 1, suggesting potential health risk. • Enrofloxacin exposure was related to increased overweight/obesity risk in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy between hyperextension position (HPVP) and neutral position for vertebroplasty (NPVP) in treating Kümmell disease., Study Design: A Comparative descriptive study., Place and Duration of Study: Department of Orthopaedics, Yantaishan Hospital, China, from December 2017 to July 2018., Methodology: This study retrospectively analysed demographic features, operative information, radiologic data, and complications of 58 consecutive patients with single-level Kummel disease (KD) who underwent NPVP (n=27) or HPVP (n=31). All patients were observed preoperatively and at 2 days (POD 2) and one year postoperatively for cement leakage, Cobb's angle, antenior body height ratio, pain and disability., Results: The cement leakage rate was significantly lower in the HPVP group (p<0.01). The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for pain, and Oswestry disability indices (ODIs) were lower in the HPVP group at one year postoperatively (both p<0.05). For the HPVP group, Cobb's angle was significantly smaller, and the anterior body height ratio (AR) was larger at POD 2 (p<0.05) and one year (p<0.05), postoperatively., Conclusion: This study demonstrated that HPVP could achieve a lower cement leakage rate with similar operative time, lower VAS and ODI scores, as well as better kyphosis restoration and AR recovery at the 1-year follow-up than NPVP. HPVP is thus superior to NPVP in treating KD. Key Words: Kyphosis, Cobb's angle, Cement leakage, Intervertebral stability, Surgical outcome, Kümmell disease, Vertebroplasty, Hyperextension position.