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Poor sleep quality is a common problem among hemodialysis (HD) patients. Dietary fiber is a key component of a healthy diet and is beneficial for a variety of health outcomes; however, evidence of an association between dietary fiber consumption and subjective sleep quality has not been established among HD patients. Therefore, we determined the association between dietary fiber consumption and the subjective sleep quality in Chinese maintenance HD patients, taking into account fiber type and source. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire in a cross-sectional study including 741 maintenance HD patients between December 2021 and January 2022. The daily intake of dietary fiber was categorized into three groups. The lowest tertile was used as the reference category. Sleep quality of patients was accurately calculated using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index standard questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline analysis were performed to assess the relationship between dietary fiber consumption and poor sleep quality. Compared with the lowest tertile group of dietary fiber intake, the highest tertile group had a lower prevalence of poor sleep quality. After adjustment for potential confounders, a higher intake of total dietary fiber (ORtertile 3 (T3) to tertile 1 (T1)= 0.51, 95% CI: 0.31–0.85), total insoluble dietary fiber (ORT3 to T1 =0.54, 95% CI: 0.33–0.89), and soluble dietary fiber in vegetables (ORT3 to T1 =0.61, 95% CI: 0.40–0.93) were associated with a lower prevalence of poor sleep quality. Furthermore, significant linear trends were also observed (p < 0.05). No significant interactions were observed in subgroup analyses. A higher intake of dietary fiber was inversely associated with the poor sleep quality. These findings support the current recommendations that dietary fiber is essential for health and well-being. This study was conducted because there was not prior evidence connecting sleep quality and dietary fiber consumption in hemodialysis patients. In the present study a cross-sectional design was used to assess the association between dietary fiber consumption and poor sleep quality. Intake of total dietary fiber, total insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber in vegetables were negatively associated with poor sleep quality among maintenance hemodialysis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The association between serum β2-microglobulin (β2M) levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and the incidence of cardiovascular events (CVEs) in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is inconclusive. Furthermore, no study has been performed in China on the significance of serum β2M levels in MHD patients. Therefore, this study investigated the aforementioned association in MHD patients. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 521 MHD patients were followed at Dalian Municipal Central Hospital affiliated with Dalian University of Technology from December 2019 to December 2021. The serum β2M levels were categorized into three tertiles, and the lowest tertile served as the reference group. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models. Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding patients with CVD at baseline. Results: During the follow-up period of 21.4 ± 6.3 months, there were 106 all-cause deaths, of which 68 were caused by CVD. When excluding CVD patients at baseline, there were 66 incident CVEs. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in the highest tertile of serum β2M levels was significantly higher than that in the lowest tertile (P < 0.05), but not for the CVEs (P > 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, serum β2M levels were positively associated with the risk of all-cause (HR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.21–4.17) and CVD (HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.19–5.43) mortality, and a linear trend was evident (P < 0.05). Besides, the results of sensitivity analysis were consistent with the main findings. However, we didn't observed the significant association between serum β2M levels and CVEs (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The serum β2M level may be a significant predictor of the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in MHD patients. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brain metastasis (BM) frequently occurs in HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) patients, but the risk factors of BM in this type of patients are still unknown. Our study aims to assess the risk factors of BM and prognostic analysis in HER2-positive BC patients. Methods: Univariate analysis used t -test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test to find out the risk factors for BM, and multivariable analysis was done with stepwise logistic regression analysis. Prognostic data analysis was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: A total of 228 HER2-positive BC patients were included, of whom 214 patients were postoperative metastatic patients and 14 patients were de novo stage IV patients. Through comparing the stratified variables between 51 postoperative metastatic patients with BM and 163 postoperative metastatic patients without BM, the multivariate analysis showed that age ≤40 years (OR 2.321, 95% CI: 1.089 to 4.948) and first metastatic site with lung metastasis (OR 2.168, 95% CI: 1.099 to 4.274) were independent risk factors for BM in HER2-positive BC patients. Prognostic data of all 65 HER2-positive BC patients with BM showed that the time from the diagnosis of BC to the development of breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) was 36.3 months (95% CI: 30.0 to 42.1 months). The time from the diagnosis of first recurrence and metastasis stage to the diagnosis of BCBM was 11.35 months (95% CI: 7.1 to 18.4 months). The time from the diagnosis of BCBM to the time of follow-up was 24.1 months (95% CI: 13.9 to 37.5 months). Up until the time of follow-up data, a total of 38 patients had died, and the time from the diagnosis of BM of these 38 patients to death was 11.0 months (95% CI: 9.0 to 20.4 months). Conclusion: The prognosis of HER2-positive BC patients with BM was poor due to the lack of effective treatments for BM. Age ≤40 years and first metastatic site with lung metastasis were the independent risk factors for BM in HER2-positive BC patients. Future research about pre-emptive medical interventions may help to improve the prognosis of HER2-positive BC patients with high risk to develop BM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the independent and joint associations of sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among Chinese adults. The study analyzed data from 4,865 adults aged ≥ 18 years who participated in the 2009 and 2015 China Health and Nutrition Surveys (CHNS). Four types of leisure ST and three types of PA self-reported at baseline were collected. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine the independent and joint associations of ST and PA with the odds of MetS or its components. For independent effects, higher levels of television time and total leisure ST was associated with higher MetS risk [odds ratio (OR) 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.6, P < 0.001; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.8, P < 0.001, respectively]. The MetS risk in the computer time > 7 hours/week (h/w) group was higher than that in the < 7 h/w group in (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.9). Higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and total PA were associated with a lower MetS risk (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.9, P < 0.001; OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7–0.9, P < 0.001, respectively). For the joint effects, compared with those reporting the lowest level of total leisure ST (< 14 h/w) and the most active tertile of MVPA (≥ 61.0 MET-h/w), participants reporting the most total leisure ST (≥ 35 h/w) and the lowest level of MVPA (0 MET-h/w) had the highest odds of MetS (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4–2.7). Except for people reporting ST (14–21 h/w) within the most active tertile of MVPA, the associations in all other groups were significant. With the increase of TV time and decreased MVPA, the odds of MetS almost showed a curve acceleration. MVPA and total PA have independent preventive effects, and sedentary behavior (mainly watching TV) has an unsafe effect on MetS and its components. Strengthening the participation of MVPA and combining the LPA to replace the TV-based ST to increase the total PA may be necessary to reduce the prevalence of MetS in Chinese adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentary successions of the Frasnian–Tournaisian (Late Devonian to Earliest Carboniferous) and their spatial distributions in the Hainan Island, South China are critically reviewed based on updated information of the previously published data and newly obtained fossils. The Upper Devonian strata are assigned to the Frasnian Lanyang Formation and Famennian Changjiang Formation, which are distributed in north‐western Hainan Island. The Lanyang Formation is represented by limestone, siltstone, slate, and intercalated with tuff, and yields tentaculites: Polycylindrites sp., stromatoporoids, and tabulate corals. The Changjiang Formation yields abundant conodonts Palmatolepis gracilis sigmoidalis and Polynodosus germanus, typical of Famennian assemblages, and the associated faunas include corals, radiolarians, foraminifers, and calcareous algae of Famennian age. Of these, corals are assignable to the upper Famennian Cystophrentis Zone of South China. The strata of the Tournaisian Jishi Formation are categorized into two types, typically exposed in the Shilu and Jinbo areas, respectively, both of which are located north to the Gancheng‐Wanning Fault. The lower Jishi Formation yields brachiopods Unispirifer (Unispirifer) extensus, Unispirifer sp., Schuchertella magna, and gastropods. The middle Jishi Formation yields conodonts: Siphonodella isosticha and S. levis, brachiopods: Unispirifer (Unispirifer) forbesi, Atylephorus tornacensis, coral: Pseudouralinia irregularis, trilobite: Weberiphillipsia linguiformis, ostracods, bryozoans, and foraminifers. The conodonts are assignable to the zonation equivalent to the Siphonodella sulcata Zone, implying the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary is placed at the base of the middle part of the formation. The upper part of the Jishi Formation yields abundant brachiopods characterized by Mesochorispira subgrandis, Atylephorus tornacensis, and Marginatia huaqiaoensis. The presence of corals Cystophrentis, Pseudouralinia, Zaphrentites, and Kueichowpora, and trilobite Hunanoproetus, endemic to South China from the Changjiang and Jishi formations implies that the Hainan Island was palaeobiogeographically close to the South China Block of the Tethyan Realm, rather than of Gondwana affinity during the Late Devonian and Tournaisian. Identification of Xinanosprifer flabellum and Homotoma sp., typical of early Silurian from the 'Nanhao Formation' previously assigned to the Tournaisian suggests that no Carboniferous strata are distributed in southern Hainan Island and the area south of the Gancheng‐Wanning Fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate the association between three B-vitamin intakes and sociodemographic factors among adults in China. We derived our data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) among 12,241 individuals aged 18–64 years. Log binomial regression was used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios for factors associated with the inadequate intake of B-vitamins. Females with low incomes and living in the north had a higher prevalence of inadequate riboflavin intake than those with high incomes and living in the south. Both males and females living in a village had a higher prevalence of inadequate riboflavin intake than adults living in a city. Adults with low income, low education, and living in the north or in a village had a higher prevalence of inadequate niacin intake than adults with a high income, high education, and living in the south or in a city. We found that income, region, and area of residence were associated with riboflavin intake. Education, income, region, and area of residence were associated with niacin intake. Well-tailored strategies and policies are needed to improve nutritional status in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the association of red meat usual intake with metabolic syndrome (MetS), and explore the contribution of red meat usual intake to serum ferritin. Based on the data from the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), 2,797 healthy adults aged 18–75 years without hypertension, diabetes, and MetS were selected in 2009 as subjects and follow-up studies were carried out till 2015. We used the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method to estimate the usual intake of foods. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the association between red meat usual intake and the risk of MetS. Quantile regression analysis was used to study the relationship between red meat consumption and serum ferritin levels. After adjusting for potential confounders, red meat, and fresh red meat were positively associated with the risk of MetS (RR = 1.41, 95% CI : 1.05–1.90 and RR = 1.37, 95% CI : 1.02–1.85, respectively). These relationships showed increasing trend (P < 0.05). The level of serum ferritin increased significantly with the number of MetS components (P < 0.05). The quantile regression analysis showed that red meat and fresh red meat usual intake had a significant positive association with serum ferritin levels across the entire conditional serum ferritin distribution (P < 0.05). Processed red meat did not exhibit a similar association. Higher red meat usual intake was associated with an increased risk of MetS and elevated serum ferritin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To identify the characteristics of Chinese obesogenic environments at a provincial level, infer a spatial distribution map of obesity prevalence in 31 provinces, and provide a foundation for development of policy to reduce obesity in children and adolescents. Methods After scanning obesity data on subjects aged 7-17 years from 12 provinces in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2011 and environmental data on 31 provinces from the China Statistical Yearbook 2011 and other sources, we selected 12 predictors. We used the 12 surveyed provinces as a training sample to fit an analytical model with partial least squares regression and prioritized the 12 predictors using variable importance in projection. We also fitted a predictive model with Bayesian analysis. Results We identified characteristics of obesogenic environments. We fitted the predictive model with a deviance information criterion of 61.96 and with statistically significant (P < 0.05) parameter estimates of intercept [95% confidence interval (CI): 329.10, 963.11], log(oil) (CI : 13.11, 20.30), log(GDP) (CI : 3.05, 6.93), log(media) (CI : −234.95, −89.61), and log(washing-machine) (CI : 0.92, 5.07). The total inferred average obesity prevalence among those aged 7-17 was 9.69% in 31 Chinese provinces in 2011. We also found obvious clustering in occurrences of obesity in northern and eastern provinces in the predicted map. Conclusion Given complexity of obesity in children and adolescents, concerted efforts are needed to reduce consumption of edible oils, increase consumption of vegetables, and strengthen nutrition, health, and physical activity education in Chinese schools. The northern and eastern regions are the key areas requiring intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous gas reservoirs in volcanic rocks have been found worldwide. Three gas fields with reserves of one billion cubic meters of gas related to volcanic rocks were found in China. Hence, volcanic rocks as reservoir rocks are attracting increasing attention from geologists. Volcanic activity cannot only form excellent reservoir rocks but also affect hydrocarbon generation in source rocks. The influence of volcanic rocks on the maturation of source rocks and gas generation rate in the Songliao, Qinshui and Bohai Bay Basins in China is discussed in this paper. The main effects of volcanic rocks on gas generation are as follows: Firstly, volcanic activity always leads to a high regional paleo-geothermal gradient that accelerates the thermal evolution of the source rocks. For example, although the present-day geothermal gradient is only 3.7 °C/100 m, the geothermal gradient reached up to 6.5 °C/100 m in the Songliao Basin when volcanoes were erupting on a large scale. Hence, the Cretaceous Shahezi source rocks, interbedded with two sets of volcanic rocks, had high gas generation rate and rapidly reached high-to over-mature stages (the vitrinite reflectance (R o ) is approximately 3.5% or more). The gas generation rate was 10 times higher than that of other gas-abundant basins in China, like Ordos Basin, and the gas generation intensity was up to 2.4 × 10 10 m 3 /km 2 . Secondly, igneous intrusions make local source rocks reach high-to over-mature stages very quickly and generate gas promptly, even during source rock uplifting. Many areas were intruded by igneous rocks during the Jurassic to Cretaceous, for example, the paleo-geothermal gradient was as high as 5.5 °C/100 m in the Qinshui Basin. The source rocks were still generating hydrocarbons while the whole Qinshui Basin was being uplifted. The gas generated due to volcanic activity accounted for more than 70% of the total gases generated from source rocks and formed a large coal seam gas field in the Qinshui Basin. Thirdly, when source rocks developed with concomitant volcanic eruptions or igneous intrusions, these types of volcanic rocks were normally on a small scale, and therefore their areas of influence were small. Hot fluids and transition metals from volcanic activity catalyzed and accelerated the thermal evolution of the source rocks so that large amounts of low-mature hydrocarbon were generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the associations between food away-from-home (FAFH) consumption and body weight outcomes among Chinese adults.Design: FAFH was defined as food prepared at restaurants and the percentage of energy from FAFH was calculated. Measured BMI and waist circumference (WC) were used as body weight outcomes. Quantile regression models for BMI and WC were performed separately by gender.Setting: Information on demographic, socio-economic, diet and health parameters at individual, household and community levels was collected in twelve provinces of China.Subjects: A cross-sectional sample of 7738 non-pregnant individuals aged 18-60 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2011 was analysed.Results: For males, quantile regression models showed that percentage of energy from FAFH was associated with an increase in BMI of 0·01, 0·01, 0·01, 0·02, 0·02 and 0·03 kg/m2 at the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th quantile, and an increase in WC of 0·04, 0·06, 0·06, 0·04, 0·06, 0·05 and 0·07 cm at the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th quantile. For females, percentage of energy from FAFH was associated with 0·01, 0·01, 0·01 and 0·02 kg/m2 increase in BMI at the 10th, 25th, 90th and 95th quantile, and with 0·05, 0·04, 0·03 and 0·03 cm increase in WC at the 5th, 10th, 25th and 75th quantile.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that FAFH consumption is relatively more important for BMI and WC among males rather than females in China. Public health initiatives are needed to encourage Chinese adults to make healthy food choices when eating out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unique, new palaeotaxodont (Protobranchia) genus and species, Yuexiconcha duplicata Zhang, Niu and Johnston, is proposed and described. It is characterized by: a medium-sized, transversely elongated, sub-elliptical shell; heterotaxodont dentition; and posterior tooth row consisting of crowded gradidentate dentition, partially and dorsally overlapped by an additional tooth row that emanates from the beak to form a bitaxodont dentition (new term). Most significantly, a prominent resilifer separates the anterior and posterior tooth rows and shows slight to moderate excavation into the hinge-plate. While a resilifer indicates phylogenetic proximity with Nuculoidea , Yuexiconcha nov. gen. is readily distinguished by its bitaxodont posterior dentition and a more elongate posterior shell lobe and so is provisionally placed in the Family Nuculidae, Order Nuculida. The hinge of Yuexiconcha nov. gen. indicates that a resilifer in palaeotaxodonts first developed in the Ordovician, rather than in the Silurian (Wenlock) as thought previously. Specimens described herein were collected from a fine-grained siliciclastic rock unit in the upper part of the Dongchong Formation in western Guangdong, South China. Other components of the biota occurring with the bivalves are uncommon and include trilobites and brachiopods that indicate a late Middle–early Late Ordovician (late Darriwilian–early Sandbian) age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anyue giant gasfield was discovered in the Sinian-Cambrian Central Sichuan region of the Sichuan Basin in 2013, with geological reserves up to 1×1012m3, which is the first time for the exploration of natural gas paleo-reservoirs in the world. The gas source studies suggest that the Sinian natural gas is originated from the Sinian and Cambrian hydrocarbon source rocks, and the systematical study on the Sinian and Cambrian ancient source rocks has important scientific and practical significance for the global oil and gas geologic domain of the ancient stratum. Based on the drilling data and field profile observation of Sinian and Cambrian in Sichuan Basin, with adoption of the interpretation data of 28 000 km-seismic and new drilling data, combined with geochemical analysis of source rocks of 2 315 samples, this paper systematically studied the high quality hydrocarbon source rock center, where the source rocks are mainly distributed along the Mianzhu-Changning craton inner rift, with a accumulative thickness reaching 200-450m, and 50-100m for the thickness of source rocks in other areas. The hydrocarbon source rocks of the Sinian-Cambrian contributed about 56%-63% of natural gas resources of the whole basin. Systematical evaluations have been conducted to the mudstone source rocks and their distribution in the Ⅲ-section of Sinian Dengying Formation, where TOC value is ranging from 0.04% to 4.73%, with an average of 0.65%. The thickness of the source rocks in central Sichuan region is ranging from 10 to 30 m. The oldest Sinian source rocks that can form large gasfields in China were systematically studied for the first time,and the total gas production intensity of the Sinian source rocks in the great central Sichuan region is (15-28)×108m3/km2, where the gas source conditions for the formation of large gasfields are available. By using the genetic method and analogy method, the amount of natural gas resources of the Sinian-Cambrian in the basin are re-evaluated as (4.65-5.58)×1012m3, and the resources potential of natural gas is huge. The amount of natural gas resources in the central Sichuan block accounts for about 66% of the total basin resources, which is the preferred selection for current exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between handgrip strength (HGS) and depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) was unknown. Therefore, we aimed to clarify this association in a cohort of patients., Methods: HGS was used as a representative indicator of muscle strength and was measured with a handheld dynamometer. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the self-reported Patient Health Questionnaire-9. A multivariable logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to assess the relationship between HGS and depression., Results: The prevalence of depression in our study was 34% in 568 Chinese patients undergoing HD. Compared with patients in the lowest tertiles of absolute and weighted HGS, patients in the highest tertiles of HGS had an approximately 59% lower [odds ratio (OR) = 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.24-0.68; OR = 0.41, 95%CI = (0.24-0.69)] prevalence of depressive symptoms after multivariate adjustments. Besides, the risk of depression in hemodialysis patients decreased by 33% (OR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.53-0.85) and 32% (OR = 0.68, 95%CI = 0.54-0.85) for each standard deviation increase in absolute HGS and weighted HGS, respectively. The prevalence of depressive symptoms decreased with both increasing absolute HGS and weighted HGS after multivariate adjustments (p for trend < 0.05). Furthermore, a linear dose-response relationship was observed between absolute HGS and weighted HGS and the prevalence of depressive symptoms (p nonlinearity >0.05)., Conclusions: This study suggests that lower handgrip strength, a simple and modifiable parameter, is associated with a higher prevalence of depression in Chinese patients undergoing HD. Considering that depression is often unrecognized or underdiagnosed in HD patients, lowered muscle strength should be an important indicator and incentive for medical staff to screen for depression., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: This study summarized the clinical characteristics of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) patients in this family, and two different manifestations of the same variants in a Chinese family were reported in this article. That conducted a follow-up study to further clarify the characteristics of this disease., Basic Methods: Clinical data and test results were analyzed, and the exon region of ALD-related gene ABCD1 was sequenced by Sanger sequencing., Main Results: Gene analysis showed that there were three ABCD1 variants in the proband, c.1047C>A, c.1415-1416delAG and c.1548G>A. The elder brother of the proband had the same three variants as the proband, but showed different clinical symptoms. The mother was the carrier of three variants. Multisite variants were uncovered in this family, which caused two different manifestations of adult-onset childhood cerebral ALD and adrenomyeloneuropathy., Principal Conclusion: These findings further increase our knowledge about ABCD1 mutations and the associated phenotypes, which is beneficial for the genetic counseling of patients with X-ALD., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Overweight and obesity are rising among Chinese reproductive-age women, while some studies have focused on the relationship between sedentary behavior and obesity in certain populations, none has focused on Chinese reproductive-age women specifically. This study examined secular trends in leisure time sedentary behaviors (watching television time, computer time and reading time, and the total sedentary time) among Chinese reproductive-age women and the association of those behaviors with five weight indicators-body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity status., Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted with Chinese reproductive-age women aged 15-49 who had participated in two or more rounds of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), and completed the questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. The exposure variables were the average weekly time spent on three leisure time sedentary behaviors (watching television, using computer, and reading) and the total sedentary time (the sum of the above three sedentary time and video game time). Mixed-effect linear models were produced to explore the secular trends of the mean hours of these sedentary behaviors and the total sedentary time after adjusting covariates. Models were also produced to study the effects of these types of sedentary behavior levels on BMI and WC. Mixed-effect logistic regression models were produced to study the effects of the sedentary behavior levels on overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity status., Results: The total sedentary time among the reproductive-age women increased over time across most of age, region, educational levels, and income groups from 2004 to 2015. Television hours fluctuated, it increased and then declined over time across most of age, region, and income groups. Computer hours continually increased over time across all age, region, educational level, and income groups. Reading hours gradually decreased over time across most of age, region, educational level, and income groups. Those with a moderate level of television time (14 to <35 h/week) had 1.08 cm larger WCs and were 1.31 times more likely to have abdominal obesity than those with a low level of television time (<14 h/week). Those with a high level of television time (≥35 h/week) had 1.74 cm larger WCs, 0.66 kg/m 2 larger BMIs, were 1.50 times more likely to be overweight and were 1.47 times more likely to have abdominal obesity than those with a low level of television time (<14 h/week). Greater computer, reading time, and total sedentary time were not associated with WC, BMI, overweight, obesity, or abdominal obesity., Conclusions: These findings showed that among Chinese reproductive-age women ages 15-49, secular trends of computer time increased rapidly, reading time decreased gradually and television time fluctuated but showed not much difference from 2004 to 2015. The sharp increase in computer time far outweighed the decline in reading time. As a result, the overall sedentary behavior time of Chinese reproductive-age women gradually increased. These findings provided strong evidence that greater television time was significantly associated with higher BMI, WC, and higher risks of overweight, abdominal obesity among Chinese reproductive-age women. Computer, reading, and the total sedentary time were not associated with those weight indicators.

Introduction: To assess the clinical performance and correlations of automated chemiluminescence assay (CIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies in the diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)., Methods: The study recruited 505 subjects, including 192 with APS, 193 with connective tissue diseases other than APS, and 120 healthy donors. We measured anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2-glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibodies IgG, IgM, and IgA in all the samples using both CIA and ELISA., Results: Total agreement between the two methods ranged from 83.50% for anti-β2GPI IgG antibodies to 92.76% for anti-β2GPI IgM antibodies in all the groups. Anti-β2GPI and aCL IgG assays showed the highest Spearman's rho coefficients (anti-β2GPI IgG = 0.742, aCL IgG = 0.715). Anti-β2GPI IgG CIA showed the highest sensitivity for diagnosis of APS at 80.21%, which was significantly higher than the sensitivity of anti-β2GPI IgG ELISA (52.08%). For diagnosis of APS, anti-β2GPI IgG CIA had the best discrimination power with the area under the curves (AUC) of 0.922, followed by aCL IgG CIA (AUC of 0.905). While the CIA AUC was slightly higher in all cases, the difference was not statistically significant., Conclusion: CIA measurements had a good agreement and correlation with comparative ELISA assays. The CIA anti-β2GPI IgG however was significantly more sensitive for APS diagnosis. The two assay methodologies showed comparable predictive powers and support the value of the CIA method for improved diagnosis and management of patients with APS., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study aimed to examine the association between famine exposure in different stages of life and the risk of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in laterlife. A total of 12,458 participants were categorized into non-exposure and four direct exposures, including fetal, childhood, adolescence, and adult exposure. Only risk of being overweight or obesity in adolescence exposure [odds ratio ( OR ), 1.45; 95% confidence interval ( CI ), 1.08-1.94] was significantly higher than in non-exposure. Childhood ( OR , 1.27; 95% CI , 1.05-1.54) and adolescence ( OR , 1.53; 95% CI , 1.15-2.05) exposures had significantly an increased risk of abdominal obesity compared with non-exposure. Additionally, different famine severity exposures had different influences on the development of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity. Famine exposure in adolescence, which was a behavior formative period, can increase the risk of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity in adulthood, specifically in famine severely affect area., (Copyright © 2020 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by China CDC. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of subsection laminectomy with pedicle screw fixation (SLPF) for the treatment of ossification of the ligamentum flavum of the thoracic spine. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty patients (age, 40-71 years) with ossification of the ligamentum flavum of the thoracic spine underwent SLPF (13 men, 17 women). Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, preoperative and postoperative change in thoracic kyphosis, and perioperative complications were recorded. The Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score for severity of myelopathy and the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor and sensory impairment scale were used before and after surgery. RESULTS Mean operative time for SLPF was 208.4±38.3 min and mean intraoperative blood loss was 689.3±171.7 ml. The mean JOA score significantly increased from 5.7±1.9 before surgery to 8.8±2.2 at one month after surgery and 9.3±2.7 at the last follow-up (P<0.01). Postoperative improvement in neurological function increased by 68.3±14.4%. The postoperative ASIA grades significantly improved compared with the preoperative grades (P<0.01). The mean local Cobb angle significantly decreased from 17.8±4.3° before surgery to 15.4±3.6° at one month after surgery and 15.8±3.8° at the last follow-up (P<0.01). Three patients (10%) had operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Postoperatively, one patient had neurological deterioration, two patients had deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and one patient developed a wound infection. CONCLUSIONS SLPF was an effective procedure for the treatment of ossification of the ligamentum flavum of the thoracic spine.

The trace element concentrations (Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) of feathers from Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), Gadwall (Anas strepera), and Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) from Nanhaizi Wetland, China were measured. (1) There were significant differences in the concentrations of the Cr, Ni, and Pb among the waterfowl species. The concentrations of Cr and Ni in Gadwall feathers and Pb in Green-winged Teal feathers were higher than the concentrations of Cr, Ni and Pb in Ferruginous duck. (2) The Pb concentrations in the feathers of four Green-winged Teals and one Ferruginous duck, Cr concentrations in the feathers of Gadwalls (geomean 5.33 µg g -1 dry weight) and Green-winged Teals (geomean 4.55 µg g -1 dry weight) exceeded the thresholds at which they pose a threat to bird health (i.e., Pb > 4 µg g -1 , Cr > 2.8 µg g -1 ). (3) The Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn concentrations of feathers were within the normal ranges reported for most waterfowl.

Objective: Yang deficiency constitution may bring with different types of illnesses in many people. The present study was designed to observe the effect of ginger-separated snake moxibustion on yang deficiency symptom, and serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (CORT) contents in yang deficiency constitution subjects, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of yang deficiency constitution., Methods: Ninety subjects with yang deficiency type constitution were equally and randomly assigned to control A group (19 men and 26 women, 18－60 years in age) and moxibustion group (16 men and 29 women, 18－60 years in age) and 45 normal subjects with mild constitution (18 men and 27 women, 18－60 years in age) were assigned to control B group. An snake-like moxa-cone was placed at a moxa-holder covering the middle back of human body from Dazhui (GV 14) to Yaoshu (GV 2) after paving a layer (about 1 cm thick) of fresh ginger in the holder, and then ignited, followed by the next moxa-cone, 3 cones altogether every time for each participant. The treatment was conducted once a week, 12 times in total. The subjects' constitution was scored according to the "Classification and Evaluation of Constitution of Traditional Chinese Medicine" formulated by China Association of Chinese Medicine. The serum ACTH and CORT contents were measured by radioimmunoassay before and at the end of the treatment and 6 months after the treatment., Results: The constitation scores of the moxibustion group and control A group were significantly higher than that of the control B group before treatment ( P <0.01). At the end of the treatment, the constitution score was significantly decreased in the moxibustion group ( P <0.01) rather than in the control A group relevant to its own pre-treatment ( P >0.05). The serum CORT and ACTH contents were significantly decreased in both the moxibustion and control A groups in comparison to the control B group before treatment ( P <0.01), and obviously increased at the end of treatment in the moxibustion group compared with its own pre-treatment ( P <0.01). No significant differences were found among the three groups in the constitution score, and serum CORT and ACTH levels at the 6 th month after the treatment compared with their own post-treatment ( P >0.05)．., Conclusion: The ginger-separated snake moxibustion treatment may improve the constitution of yang deficiency participants by increasing the levels of serum ACTH and CORT, which may be helpful in resisting diseases.

The dietary zinc consumed in Chinese households has decreased over the past decade. However, the national dietary zinc intake in the last five years has seldom been investigated. Using data from 12,028 participants 18 to 64 years old (52.9% male) in the China Nutritional Transition Cohort Survey (CNTCS) 2015, we describe the intake of dietary zinc and the contributions of major foods and we examine the relationship between the level of dietary zinc intake and metabolic syndrome indicators, including blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides (TG), in Chinese adults. We assessed dietary zinc intake using 24 h recalls on three consecutive days. The mean daily dietary zinc intake for all participants was 10.2 milligrams per day (males 11.2 mg/day, females 9.4 mg/day, p < 0.001). The mean daily dietary zinc density for all participants was 5.2 mg/day per 1000 kilocalories. Among all participants, 31.0% were at risk of zinc deficiency, with dietary zinc intakes of less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (males 49.2%, females 14.8%, p < 0.050), and 49.9% had adequate dietary zinc intakes, equal to or greater than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) (males 30.7%, females 67.0%, p < 0.050). We found substantial gender differences in dietary zinc intake and zinc deficiency, with nearly half of the men at risk of zinc deficiency. Males of younger age, with higher education and incomes, and who consumed higher levels of meat, had higher zinc intakes, higher zinc intake densities, and higher rates of meeting the EAR. Among all participants, grains, livestock meat, fresh vegetables, legumes, and seafood were the top five food sources of zinc, and their contributions to total dietary zinc intake were 39.5%, 17.3%, 8.9%, 6.4%, and 4.8%, respectively. The groups with relatively better dietary zinc intakes consumed lower proportions of grains and higher proportions of livestock meat. For males with adequate dietary zinc intake (≥RNI), TG levels increased by 0.219 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) compared with males with deficient dietary zinc intake (

Objective: To study the current status and trends of fat and cholesterol intake among Chinese children and adolescents in 9 provinces from 1991 to 2009, so as to provide evidence on dietary guidance., Methods: Data was collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009 from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Sample would include 7 - 17 years old healthy children and adolescents with a complete 3-day 24-hour-dietary data. Figures on the intake of fat, cholesterol, mean percentage of energy from fat and food source of fat per capita were calculated and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)., Results: Data showed that, in 1991 - 2009, the dietary fats, mean percentage of energy from total fat and intake of cholesterol had an increasing trend in the population of 9 provinces and were 65.8 g/d, 240.0 mg/d and 32.0% respectively, in 2009. The percentage of population whose mean energy coming from total fat and reached 57.0% in 2009., Conclusion: The dietary structure of children and adolescents in Chinese 9 provinces had changed significantly. 57.0% of the studied subjects had more than 30% increase of their fat intake exceeding the Chinese DRIs. It was necessary to provide children and adolescent with basic knowledge on nutrition, in order to properly control the intake of food rich in fat and cholesterol.

Objective: To explore the status and trend of cereal consumption among Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years in nine provinces (municipality) from 1989 to 2006., Methods: The survey data were collected by consecutive 3 d 24 h dietary recall method in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey Project. The subjects aged 18-59 years with complete information on dietary survey were included. The sample number of the subjects were 5978, 7566, 7492, 7738, 8439, 7484 and 7157 in the 7 round surveys from 1989 to 2006, respectively. The trends of their cereal consuming rate and daily intake were analyzed by year, gender, age and regions., Results: The cereal intake of 18 - 59 years old Chinese adults in 9 provinces (municipality) decreased from 522.3 g/d in 1989 to 431.9 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 2421.76, P < 0.01). The cereal intake of males decreased from 545.6 g/d in 1989 to 471.6 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 861.21, P < 0.01) and females decreased from 500.3 g/d in 1989 to 395.5 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 1844.13, P < 0.01). Compared with 1989, the average cereal consumption were reduced to 104.8, 134.4, 103.3 and 98.2 g in the suburban, female, 18 to 29 years old age group and level of education for college and above separately in 2006. The rice consuming rate among 18 - 59 year-old residents increased from 79.9% (4776/5978) in 1989 to 87.3% (6248/7157) (Z = 18.45, P < 0.01) in 2006, the wheat consuming rate increased from 63.3% (3784/5978) in 1989 to 80.2% (5740/7157) (Z = 27.28, P < 0.01) in 2006., Conclusion: The present study indicated that there was a decreasing trend of cereal intake among Chinese adults aged 18 - 59 years in 9 provinces (municipality). In the stratified groups, cereal intake in groups of female, suburb, aged 18 - 59 years and higher educational level decreased significantly.

Objective: To analyze the status of dietary sodium intake of 18 - 65 years old Chinese people in nine provinces (autonomous region) in 1991 and 2006., Methods: In 1991 and 2006, China Health and Nutrition Survey was carried out in nine provinces, including Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and Guizhou, Subjects were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method from 18 - 65 years old people and 8235 subjects in 1991 and 7788 subjects in 2006. Sodium intake analysis was conducted across gender, regions and rural(urban) residences., Results: On average, sodium intake decreased from (6750.6 ± 3771.5) mg/d in 1991 to (4949.7 ± 2829.4) mg/d in 2006 (Z = -35.5, P < 0.01) among the 18 - 65 years old people. In 1991 and 2006, the main sources of dietary sodium were salt, soy sauce and vegetable. In 1991, the proportion were 79.6% ((5375.6 ± 3532) mg/d), 8.7% ((586.7 ± 721.7) mg/d) and 7.5% ((506.9 ± 906.1) mg/d), respectively. In 2006, the proportion were 71.5% ((3539.8 ± 2545) mg/d), 8.3% ((410.7 ± 547.9) mg/d) and 6.2% ((304.6 ± 610.7) mg/d), respectively., Conclusions: Among 18 - 65 years old residents, sodium intake in 2006 was significantly lower than that in 1991, but still far beyond the 2200 mg/d of adequate intake level (2200 mg/d). The major source of sodium intake in Chinese diet was condiments.

Objective: To describe the changes of waist circumference distribution and the prevalence of abdominal adiposity on Chinese adults aged 20-65, from 1993 to 2006., Methods: This paper was based on the data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006, and the subjects were men and women from 20 to 65 years old. Using the LMS method to construct the 15th, 50th, and 85th percentile waist circumference percentile curves. The recommended cut-off points for abdominal adiposity were 85 cm and above for males and 80 cm and above for females, suggested in the "Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity Prevention and Control for Chinese Adults" in defining abdominal adiposity., Results: Compared with 1993, the 2006 waist circumference distribution curves flattened and expanded at higher levels in males and females. The waist circumference increased from 77.1 cm to 82.9 cm among males and from 75.8 cm to 78.9 cm among females. A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in both sexes. In males, the prevalence increased from 17.9% to 42.5% while in females, it increased from 28.8% to 46.9%. Similar trends of increasing waist circumference and abdominal obesity were observed in underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity. Subjects defined by body mass index (BMI) suggesting that primary prevention of abdominal obesity should be viewed as one of the major public health problems in China., Conclusion: This study indicated that the rapid increase in waist circumference among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2006. A gradient of increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity was also observed in males and females. Unless measures are taken to slow the increase in the course of the abdominal adiposity epidemic, the burden of obesity associated morbidity and mortality in the Chinese can be expected to increase in future years.

Objective: To investigate the trends of the distribution of body mass index(BMI) among Chinese adults in some provinces from 1989 to 2000., Methods: This paper was based on data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1989,1991,1993,1997 and 2000, and the subjects were 20- 45 years old healthy men and women., Results: In the period of 1989 - 2000, the mean of BMI among Chinese adults was increasing from 1989 to 2000. The mean of BMI among male increased from 21.3kg/m(2) to 22.4kg/m(2). At the same time, the mean of BMI among female increased from 21.8 kg/m(2) to 22.5kg/m(2) . With the changing of the distribution of BMI among Chinese adults the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased from 1989 to 2000. The people who were elder than thirty years old had a faster increasing in BMI than younger age group. Moreover the people who lived in city suburb and town had a faster increasing than who lived in village., Conclusion: It is a big problem to control the changing of the distribution of BMI among Chinese adults.

Objective: To examine the differences in food and antioxidant vitamin intake in current non-smokers,light smokers,and heavy smokers., Methods: 51 115 people (24 077 male, 27 038 female) aged above 15 years who had completed providing information on smoking habit and dietary intake, were selected from 2002 national health and nutrition survey., Results: After adjustment for geographic areas and age, data showed the smokers ate more light vegetable and alcohol, less dark vegetable and fruit than non-smokers. Male smokers consumed more energetic stuff and macronutrients than non-smokers, but female smokers had opposite trends. Light smokers (LS) consumed less antioxidant than non-smokers (NS) after adjusted for area, age, BMI and energy, with carotene (Male LS = 1824.7 microg, NS = 1964.8 microg; Female LS = 1565.4 microg, NS = 2127.4 microg), thiamin (Male LS = 0.84 mg, NS = 0.85 mg; Female LS = 0.72 mg, NS = 0.74 mg), vitamin E (alpha) (Male LS = 9.2 mg, NS = 9.3 mg; Female LS = 7.4 mg, NS = 8.1 mg), vitamin C (Male LS = 91.2 mg, NS = 94.2 mg; Female LS = 76.9 mg, NS = 87.5 mg)., Conclusion: Smokers had a significantly lower overall mean dietary antioxidant vitamin intake than non-smokers. Increasing the daily consumption of variety of fruits and vegetables had been recommended to reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Objective: To estimate the quantity of the excess energy accumulation according to the weight change in a follow up population. Confirm the energy gap and give the quantitative goal for how much change in energy balance is needed., Methods: This paper was based on data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We selected the adults, 20-45 years old healthy men and women, who took part in the survey in 1989 and were followed up in 2000., Results and Conclusion: From 1989 to 2000, the weight average of this population increased from 55.4 kg to 59.1 kg. The medium of the increasing rate was 0.33 kg/y. The prevalence of overweight has increased dramatically from 9.0% to 23.2% from 1989 to 2000. Assuming that each kilogram of body weight gained represents 32284.6 kJ. We estimated that the medium of the excess energy accumulation was 29.3 kJ/d and the 90th percentile was 94.2 kJ/d. Moreover energy derived from mixed composition diets is stored with an efficiency of at least 50% for nearly everyone. So we can estimated the energy gap should be 188.3 kJ/d. This estimate suggests that the behavior change needed to close the energy gap may be small and achievable without drastically altering current life-styles. For example, intaking 2%-3% less of the energy everyday or walk 10 minutes could offset weight gain in about 90% of the population.

Objective: To describe the current status and trend of food consumption among Chinese residents., Methods: 23,470 households including 68,962 subjects were randomly sampled from 132 counties in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. A 24-hour dietary recall method for 3 consecutive days was used to collect information on food intake, but the condiment intake was collected by weighting method., Results: The average food consumption per reference man per day of Chinese people included 402 g (urban/rural: 366 g/ 416 g) cereals; 276 g (urban/rural: 252 g/ 286 g) vegetables; 45 g (urban/rural:69 g/36 g) fruits; 79 g (urban/rural: 105 g/69 g) meats; 30 g (urban/rural:45 g/24 g) fishery products; 24 g (urban/rural: 33 g/20 g) eggs; 27 g(urban/rural: 66 g/ 11 g) dairy; 16 g legume; 42 g (urban/rural:44 g/41 g) edible oil; 12 g (urban/rural: 11 g/12 g) salt; 9 g (urban/rural: 11 g/8 g) soy sauce., Conclusions: For Chinese residents, the quality of diet had been improved and consumptions of animal products, milk, and edible oil had been increased, but the consumptions of dairy and legume products intake was still low which called for improvement. The unbalance was characterized as the downward trend in cereal, vegetable and fruit consumption but significant increased in animal products and oil intake among urban people. Dietary pattern of some subjects adopted a "high energy density" diet. Double burdens from under-nutrition and over-nutrition should both be considered as problems which asked for attention by the government and researchers.

Objective: To describe the current situation and trends of mean weight and height of the Chinese people., Methods: Subjects of 71,971 households from 31 provinces were selected by stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Height from 210 136 and weight from 202 749 subjects aged 2-79 years were used to describe their trends of development during 1992-2002. The height of children younger than 3 years of age was measured by infant height bed while the others were measured by metal height pole within 0.1 cm accuracy. Fasting body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg., Results: Data on the mean height (cm) of Chinese children aged 2, 6, 11, 17 years were gathered which include: 1) in urban area: boys as 90.1 (2y), 118.4 (6y), 144.9 (11y), 170.2 (17y); girls as: 89.0 (2y), 117.0 (6y), 145.8 (11y), 158.6 (17y); 2) in rural area:boys as 87.6 (2y), 113.1 (6y), 139.2 (11y), 166.3 (17y) while girls as 86.2 (2y), 112.9 (6y), 140.0 (11y), 157.0 (17y). When compared to the results from 1992, the average height increased among all age groups. The values of increase among different groups aged 2-5 years were seen as: 3.6 cm of boys in urban and 3.0 cm of boys in rural areas while 3.8 cm of girls in urban and 3.0 cm of girls in rural areas. Among the aged 6-19 year groups, the average increasing values of height were 3.1 cm, 3.4 cm, 2.8 cm and 3.1 cm of city boys, rural boys, city girls and rural girls, respectively versus adults as 0.7 cm, 0.9 cm, 0.6 cm and 1.0 cm, respectively. The mean weight (kg) of Chinese children aged 2, 6, 11, 17 years were listed as below: boys in urban area: 13.5 (2y), 22.2 (6y), 37.4 (11y), 58.7 (17y); girls in urban area: 12.7 (2y), 21.2 (6y), 36.7 (11y), 51.9 (17y); boys in rural area: 12.8 (2y), 19.4 (6y), 31.9 (11y), 54.9 (17y); girls in rural area: 11.9 (2y), 18.7 (6y), 31.8 (11y), 51.2 (17y). The average weights of all age groups on 2002 were all higher than their same age counterparts in 1992. The average increasing values of weight among children aged 2-5 years were 1.0 kg, 0.6 kg, 0.8 kg and 0.5 kg for city boys, rural boys, city girls and rural girls, respectively. Among the aged 6-19 year groups, they were 2.0 kg, 1.5 kg, 1.4 kg and 1.1 kg, while among the adults aged 20-70 years, they were 3.2 kg, 3.0 kg, 1.6 kg and 2.9 kg, respectively., Conclusion: Both mean weight and height had a remarkable increase and the physical status improved among all age groups for the last ten years.