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Background: The association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and childhood body weight remains controversial, and additional study is needed, especially in Asian populations.Methods: This prospective study investigated the association between maternal glucose concentration, and GDM status and infant body weight from birth to 12 months of age. Linear mixed effects (LME) models and multiple linear regression were used to assess the longitudinal association of GDM with infant growth measured by weight-for-length z-scores (WFLZ), weight-for-age z-scores (WFAZ), and length-for-age z-scores (LFAZ) at birth, 1, 3, 6, 8, and 12 months of age.Results: Offspring born to mothers with GDM had higher WFLZ [β: 0.26 SD units (95% CI: 0.13-0.40)] across infancy than those of mothers without GDM. When stratified analysis by maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) status, the association was pronounced in normal-weight [β:0.28 SD units (95% CI: 0.11-0.45)] and overweight/obese women [β: 0.34 SD units (95% CI: 0.09-0.58)] but not in underweight women (P for interaction < 0.05). Multiple linear regression found that the effect estimate of GDM on infant WFLZ was highest at birth [β: 0.36 SD units (95% CI: 0.11-0.61)], remained significant at 1 [β: 0.22 SD units (95% CI: 0.03-0.41)] and 3 [β:0.19 SD units (95% CI: 0.01-0.37)] months of age and decreased across infancy. Maternal GDM status was not associated with infant WFAZ or LFAZ.Conclusions: Maternal GDM status was associated with infant WFLZ, but not WFAZ or LFAZ. The association between GDM status and offspring WFLZ was more pronounced in early infancy or in normal-weight and overweight/obese women. Increased public health efforts to prevent GDM in normal-weight and overweight/obese pre-pregnancy mothers are recommended to control offspring overweight or obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate has undergone dramatic changes over the past 200 years, accurately identifying the climate transition (from LIA to 20th century warming) and its controlling factors will help to address the risks posed by global warming. Detailed analyses of chronology, grain size, color reflectance (L*, a*) and carbon content (TOC, TIC) were conducted on a 200-year sedimentary record from lake Ebinur in Xinjiang, northwest China. The results show that lake sediments are mainly transported by wind, and there are two kinds of different sources and transport processes. Comparative analysis of multi-proxies reveals that the climate transition took place in 1920 AD. In the early period (1816–1920 AD), the high C values indicate strong transport dynamics; the high proportion of ultrafine component indicates strong pedogenesis, combined with high TOC and a* values, it is inferred that the climate is cold and wet. In the later period (1920–2019 AD), the proxies show opposite changes, which may reveal a warm and dry climate. Based on a comprehensive analysis of multi-drivers, we propose that the increase of solar irradiance played a dominant role in 1920 AD climate transition, and the gradual rise in the concentrations of greenhouse gases may have a positive feedback effect. • Lake Ebinur sediments are mainly transported by wind. • A climate transition occurred in 1920 AD: from cold LIA to 20th century warming. • The increase of solar irradiance is the main driver of the 1920 AD climate transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate caregiver type as a potential moderating effect in the relationship between feeding style and weight status among Chinese pre-school children.Design: Cross-sectional data collected with the Caregiver's Feeding Style Questionnaire (CFSQ), anthropometric data, childcare and sociodemographic information.Setting: Shenyang, China.Subjects: Caregiver-child dyads (n 857).Results: After controlling for confounders, authoritarian feeding style was associated with a 0·30 lower BMI Z-score. Fathers as primary caregivers were related to lower BMI Z-score (β=-0·66), while grandparents as main caregivers were associated with higher BMI Z-score (β=0·66) after adjusting for covariates. Mothers buffered the relationship between authoritarian (β=0·50, 95 % CI 0·04, 0·95) or indulgent (β=-0·60, 95 % CI -1·06, -0·14) feeding styles and BMI Z-score. Grandparents strengthened the trend that indulgent feeding style was related to higher BMI Z-score (β=0·54, 95 % CI 0·01, 1·08).Conclusions: The results of independent and interactive effects of specific feeding styles and caregiver types had different influences on child BMI Z-scores. Longitudinal investigations are needed to evaluate the effect of fathers' and grandparents' feeding on their children's nutrition and weight status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic hazards and risks around an individual fault can be assessed from complementary paleoseismic data. A high-resolution sediment core recovered from the Yileimu Lake revealed 11 potential paleoearthquakes around the Fuyun fault in northern Xinjiang. Among them, three events recorded by ductile deformation and turbidites or coseismic subsidence were possibly correlated with M s ≥ 7.0 earthquakes, and the others characterized by turbidites or coarse deposits were likely related to M s ≥ 5.8 or M s ≥ 5.5 earthquakes. Shaking intensities of 8.60 and 5.51 MMI were required to cause extensive landslides and turbidites, respectively; while 6.89, 6.35 and 5.34 MMI were likely to be required to cause coseismic subsidence, ductile deformation and coarse deposits related to landscape shattering in the catchment area, respectively. Absolute radiocarbon dating and historical earthquake-event markers disclosed a recurrence interval of 20–60 years for M s ≥ 5.5 earthquakes, and a potential interval of 100 years for M s ≥ 7.0 earthquakes during the last 450 years. A seismic quiescence of 89 years since the 1931/08/11 M s 8.0 Fuyun earthquake might have significantly increased the potential of a strong earthquake related to the fault in the near future. • Lake sediments recorded 11 potential paleoearthquakes around the Fuyun fault. • Intensities and magnitudes for distinct sedimentary events were distinguished. • Recurrence intervals for earthquakes with different magnitudes were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture evolution in Central Asia including Northwest China shows less similarity with its surroundings and attracts a growing number of studies. In this study, a well-dated thick lacustrine sequence is chosen in Northwest China and detailed geochemical analysis is conducted during the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT, 14-11 Ma). The multi-proxy records (Na2O/Al2O3, CIA, Rb/Sr) revealed that chemical weathering was the strongest during 11.85-11 Ma, the coldest period in 14-11 Ma as evidenced by the global deep-sea oxygen isotope records. Accordingly, we conclude that global climate cooled during MMCT and reached the coldest during 11.85-11 Ma. Thus, the westerly circulation became the strongest during this period, which brought more water vapor to Northwest China and the chemical weathering was significantly improved. On the other hand, the significant decrease in temperature led to the marked weakening of evapotranspiration, and thus the effective humidity was relatively increased. Both aspects contribute greatly to the significant enhancement of chemical weathering in eastern Central Asia. This weathering history of the sediments in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is of great scientific significance to understanding tectonism and climate change in Asia during MMCT., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Background: The sleep quality of pregnant women in the third trimester is related to mental health. However, there is still a lack of large-scale cohort research exploring this relationship in the second trimester. Thus, we assessed the associations of sleep quality during the second trimester with antenatal stress and antenatal and postnatal depression., Methods: We examined 1152 pregnant women from a prospective cohort study in China to assess the associations of sleep quality in the second trimester with antenatal stress, antenatal depression, and postnatal depression. We used linear regression models and logistic regression models to examine the associations of sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]) during pregnancy with perinatal stress (Pregnancy Pressure Scale [PPS]) and depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]) status. We further assessed the relationship in groups divided according to maternal age., Results: PSQI scores were positively associated with antenatal PPS scores (β: 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28, 1.76), antenatal EPDS scores (β: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.78), and postpartum EPDS scores (β: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.64). Poor sleep quality (PSQI scores ≥5) was associated with antenatal stress status (odds ratio [OR]: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.79, 3.77), antenatal depression status (OR: 3.42, 95% CI: 2.48, 4.72), and postpartum depression status (OR: 2.40, 95% CI: 1.58, 3.64) after adjusting maternal age, BMI, gestational age, smoking, educational level, annual household income and social support. The association of poor sleep quality (PSQI scores ≥5) in the second trimester with postnatal depression status was significant among women more than or equal to 30 years old (OR: 4.12, 95% CI: 2.18, 7.78) but not among women less than 30 years old after adjusting covariates above., Conclusion: Poor sleep quality in the second trimester among Chinese pregnant women is associated with stress and depression symptoms. Strategies to boost sleep quality should be considered during prenatal health care to improve women's mental health status.

Dietary patterns during pregnancy have been shown to influence the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, evidence from Asian populations is limited and inconsistent. We conducted a prospective cohort study in China to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and GDM. We administered three-day food diaries (TFD) and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) at the second trimester. GDM was diagnosed with a 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24⁻28 weeks of gestation. We identified dietary patterns using principal components analysis and used multivariable logistic regression to investigate associations of dietary patterns with GDM. Of the 1014 participants, 23.5% were diagnosed with GDM. Both the TFD and FFQ identified a "traditional pattern", consisting of high vegetable, fruit, and rice intake, which was associated with a lower GDM risk (odds ratio (OR) for quartile 4 versus quartile 1: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.23⁻0.71 for traditional pattern (TFD); OR: 0.44, CI: 0.27⁻0.70 for traditional pattern (FFQ)). The protective associations were more pronounced among women ≥35 years old. A whole grain⁻seafood TFD pattern was associated with higher risk of GDM (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.10⁻2.74). These findings may provide evidence for making dietary guidelines among pregnant women in Chinese populations to prevent GDM.

Studies to examine the associations of gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring weight status during infancy are needed, especially among Asian populations. We examined 801 mother⁻infant pairs from a prospective cohort study in China to assess the associations of total and trimester-specific GWG with early infant weight status. We used linear mixed effects models and linear regression models to examine the longitudinal and time-point associations of GWG rate (kg/week) with infant growth measures (z-scores of body-mass-index (BMIZ), weight-for-age (WFAZ) and length-for-age (LFAZ)) at birth, 1, 3, and 6 months. Greater total GWG rate was associated with higher BMIZ (β:1.34 SD units (95% CI: 0.84, 1.83) per 1 kg/week increase in GWG) and higher WFAZ (β:1.18 SD units (95% CI: 1.01, 2.28)) across the first 6 months of life. GWG rate in the first two trimesters but not in the third trimester was positively associated with infant BMIZ. The association between GWG rate and infant BMIZ was significant at all timepoints and more pronounced in normal weight women and among male infants. In conclusion, greater GWG rate is positively associated with offspring BMIZ in the first 6 months of life, the association is mostly driven by GWG in the first two trimesters.