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Understanding the different facilitators and barriers to screening within cultural and ethnic groups is important for developing appropriate education and outreach programs to underserved groups. Qualitative methods were employed to gain a rich understanding of participant views. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 Chinese Australian women in their native languages and analysed using content analysis. Knowledge of cervical cancer was low, and few participants understood the benefits and purpose of screening. Having a doctor's recommendation was a strong motivator, and returning for screening was encouraged by having a female Chinese doctor perform the exam, receiving a reminder letter and the absence of cost for screening participation. However, participation was inhibited by logistical barriers, cultural beliefs and previous painful screening experiences. A range of multifaceted facilitators and barriers must be considered when developing interventions to increase the rates of cervical screening in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Title. Chinese Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire: development andpsychometric testing with Chinese-Australian women. Aim. This paper is a report of the development and psychometric testing of the Chinese Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire, a culturally sensitive questionnaire for measuring Chinese-Australian women’s beliefs, knowledge and attitudes towards breast cancer and breast screening practices. Background. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer morbidity among Chinese-Australian women. They are, however, 50% less likely to participate in all types of breast examination. A valid and reliable instrument to explore the breast cancer beliefs is essential for the development of interventions to promote breast cancer screening practices. Method. Items for the questionnaire were drawn from a literature review and in-depth interviews. A panel of professional experts and lay women evaluated face and content validity. The instrument was translated from English to Chinese using back-translation. In 2008, a total of 292 Chinese-Australian women aged 22–78 years who were resident of Australia were included in testing the instrument. Multi-trait analysis and Cronbach’s alpha were used to assess internal consistency reliability and exploratory factor analysis assessed construct validity. Results. The final 13-item questionnaire had satisfactory validity and internal consistency. Cronbach’s alpha for the total scale was 0·76, and for the three subscales ranged from 0·70 to 0·79. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale reduced to three factors. Conclusion. Preliminary data suggest that the Chinese Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire is a valid, reliable and culturally sensitive instrument for the measurement of Chinese-Australian women’s beliefs, knowledge and attitudes about breast cancer and breast cancer screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to describe the levels of health literacy and experience of care coordination among Chinese migrant patients with cancer and their carers in Australia, and to examine factors associated with these., Methods: Patients' self-reported data were collected using the Health Literacy and Cancer Care Coordination questionnaires. We conducted multivariate linear regression analyses to investigate predictors of patients' health literacy and their care experience. Canonical correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between patients' health literacy and their care experience., Results: A total of 68 patients and eight carers participated in the survey. Patients and carers reported similar levels of health literacy, with the lowest scores being in the "Having sufficient information to manage health" and "Navigating the health system" subscales. Gender (P = 0.026, partial η 2  = 0.281) and educational attainment (P = 0.015, partial η 2  = 0.250) had significant and large effects on patients' health literacy, after controlling for each other. Educational attainment showed a significant and medium association with patients' experience of cancer care coordination (P = 0.041, partial η 2  = 0.101). A large and positive correlation was found between patients' health literacy and experience of cancer care coordination (canonical correlation = 0.81)., Conclusions: Our findings reveal the health literacy and care coordination needs of Chinese migrant patients with cancer in Australia, especially those with lower educational attainment. Future efforts are necessary to enhance Chinese migrants' health literacy and establish an accessible and easy-to-navigate care environment., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The Chinese community, a heterogeneous, highly visible non-English speaking ethnic group in Australia, remains mostly hidden and underrepresented in palliative care service delivery along with participation in health research despite being the fastest growing such group in the country. There is a lack of Australian research information concerning the impact of migration on the caregiving experience of women carers within the Chinese cultural framework and the Australian palliative care context. This paper aims to explore the influence of Chinese cultural norms and immigration on the experience of immigrant women of Chinese ancestry caring for a terminally ill family member at home in Sydney. This study also seeks to identify factors that may present access barriers to palliative care support services. A qualitative approach was used in this study. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with five home-based Chinese women carers and were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings identified that the participants found being a carer is a lonely and isolating experience. Sources of isolation and loneliness included social isolation experienced as a solitary carer without meaningful family and social relationships; loss of familiar cultural understandings and family values; and emotional isolators expressed in response to the physical and emotional role commitment and other constraints. The study results suggest the need for palliative care educational programmes designed to help nurses to understand the impact of cultural background within the palliative care context. Results also indicate that health care professionals should provide culturally appropriate and competent palliative care services, sensitive to the diverse socio-cultural influences and individual needs of Chinese migrants.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. The Chinese Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs (CBCSB) questionnaire was developed to measure Chinese-Australian women's beliefs, knowledge and attitudes about breast cancer and breast cancer screening., Purpose: To assess the psychometrics of the modified version CBCSB in a Chinese-speaking community., Methods: Two items in the original CBCSB were removed because they were not applicable to the Hong Kong setting, which resulted in an 11-item CBCSB. A total of 730 women aged at least 18 years old without a history of breast cancer self-completed the questionnaire., Results: Based on 730 Chinese-speaking women with mean age of 43 years, the three hypothesized subscales of the CBCSB had Cronbach's alpha ranging between 0.69 and 0.75. Non-responses to the items were at most only 3.3%. The corrected item-total correlations for the hypothesized subscales ranged from 0.35 to 0.63 and were higher than those for the competing subscales. As hypothesized, the frequency of health practices was significantly associated with all subscales of the CBCSB. Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit for the hypothesized three-factor structure of the modified CBCSB questionnaire., Conclusions: The 11-item CBCSB questionnaire was culturally appropriate, reliable and valid in a Chinese-speaking community setting. It can be used to gain understanding of Chinese-speaking women's beliefs, knowledge and attitudes about breast cancer and breast cancer screening. It may also serve as an outcome for the development and assessment of public education programs for breast cancer screening., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To report mammographic screening practice among Chinese-Australian women, and to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics, acculturation factors (English proficiency and length of stay in Australia), cultural beliefs, and having a mammogram as recommended., Design: Cross-sectional and descriptive. The study was conducted in 2009 in Sydney, Australia. Of 988 Chinese-Australian women over 18 years of age invited to participate in the study, 785 (79%) completed and returned the questionnaire. Of these women, 320 (40.8%) were in the target age range of 50 to 69 years., Methods: The Chinese Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire (CBCSB) was used as a data collection instrument. Analysis included descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis using chi-square and t tests, and logistic regression., Results: Of the 320 women in the targeted age range of 50 to 69 years, 238 (74.4%) had a mammogram as recommended biannually. Being married-de facto, in the 60 to 69 age group, and speaking Cantonese at home were positively associated with women's mammographic screening practice. However, no statistically significant differences in acculturation factors and having a mammogram as recommended were found. In terms of CBCSB score, women who had mammograms as recommended had more positive attitudes toward health checkups and perceived fewer barriers to mammographic screening., Conclusions: Effort should be focused on specific subgroups of Chinese-Australian women in order to fully understand the barriers involved in participating in mammographic screening., Clinical Relevance: Nurses can use the findings from the present study to design culturally sensitive breast cancer screening programs to encourage women's participation in mammography., (© 2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.)