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In this research, we explore how coworker ideation levels or, more specifically, the average ideation levels of coworkers within a workgroup affect a focal employee's ideation. We examine an underlying mechanism and a boundary condition of this influence process. Drawing on social cognitive theory, we argue that high coworker ideation levels are likely to stimulate a focal employee's ideation by enhancing their creative self-efficacy. Furthermore, we suggest that this positive influence is likely to be strengthened when the focal employee has a higher than lower quality of exchange with their coworkers. The results of two field studies provide support for all of the hypotheses. Contributions to theory and insights into practice and future research are discussed.

A multitude of studies have suggested potential factors that influence internet security awareness (ISA). Some, for example, used GDP and nationality to explain different ISA levels in other countries but yielded inconsistent results. This study proposed an extended knowledge-attitude-behaviour (KAB) model, which postulates an influence of the education level of society at large is a moderator to the relationship between knowledge and attitude. Using exposure to a full-time working environment as a proxy for the influence, it was hypothesized that significant differences would be found in the attitude and behaviour dimensions across groups with different conditions of exposure and that exposure to full-time work plays a moderating role in KAB. To test the hypotheses, a large-scale survey adopting the Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q) was conducted with three groups of participants, namely 852 Year 1-3 students, 325 final-year students (age = 18-25) and 475 full-time employees (age = 18-50) in two cities of China. MANOVA and subsequent PROCESS regression analyses found a significant negative moderating effect of work exposure, which confirmed the proposed model. However, the effect was more pervasive than expected and moderation was found in the interaction between work exposure and all three ISA dimensions. The social influence does not only reshape the cybersecurity attitude of the highly educated, but also knowledge and behaviour. Findings contribute theoretically, methodologically and practically, offering novel perspectives on ISA research and prompting new strategies to respond to human factors.

Due to China's three years of 'Zero COVID' containment policy, the vast majority of vocational and technological education (VTE) high school students could not participate in work-based learning, had to take classes online, and often were isolated from their families. Although the impact of the unprecedented disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic on students' wellbeing has been well documented, little is known about the experiences of vocational and technical high school students whose vocational identity development depends heavily on work-based learning experiences. In the following study, we applied a risk and resilience framework to examine Chinese VTE student burnout following the exposure to the 'Zero COVID' policy for their entire high school career. Specifically, we tested how variations in Chinese vocational and technical high school students' perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, career adaptability, psychological capital, academic performance, and parental career guidance were related to differences in their sense of burnout. Regression results showed that paternal education level and perceived impact of COVID-19 pandemic positively and significantly predicted burnout, while academic performance and parental career support negatively and significantly predicted burnout. Age, sex, internship participation, career adaptability and parental career interference and parental lack-of-engagement did not predict burnout. Overall, the variables accounted for 53.6% of the variance in student burnout.

Communication is considered a crucial skill set by employers who require universities to develop students' communication skills, to meet their requirements in the workplace. This study focuses on graduates' perceptions of their skill in professional communication; its development during their studies; and its value when making the transition to employment. The paper is based on two studies undertaken in Australia with interviews with graduates. The graduates are both of Australian and Chinese origin working in Australia and China across various industries. Presentation skills, writing, and intercultural skills were considered most important. Although most participants were satisfied with the way they had developed these skills at the Australian university, some international graduates needed more help from university to attain these skills. Recommendations regarding structured interventions for intercultural communication, work-integrated learning, and professional training of academic staff were provided.

Despite the steady growth in the recruitment and education of MBA students in China, there is a dearth of research on MBA students' perceptions of Business English Writing (BEW) in this context. This paper conducts a qualitative inquiry into Chinese MBA students' perceptions of BEW in English as a foreign language context in China. Forty-four MBA students of a ten-week BEW course participated in this study. An open-ended questionnaire was used near the end of the course to elicit their work-related writing needs, self-reflections on BEW abilities, and perceptions of the BEW course. A focus group was conducted with six students to provide insights into the students' work-related writing experience. The results showed that the students' work-related writing needs differed in terms of their respective job positions, with those working in foreign-funded enterprises or joint ventures having more job-related demands to write in English than those working at state-owned enterprises. Moreover, the students generally regarded their BEW abilities as moderately good or low, with distinct expectations of the BEW course raised. Pedagogic implications were drawn for improving BEW course in the Chinese context.

Content analysis of job ads has been used to inform curriculum renewal in many disciplines, but it is not commonplace in Translation Studies. This paper aims to identify qualifications and competences in the translation market through content analysis of translation job ads in China. Four hundred and twenty-nine job ads were collected from the two largest and most popular job search portals in China and coded against a translator competence framework with the assistance of NVivo 11.0. The results suggest that, while prior experience is underscored by employers, a specialised degree in translation, certified status and high-level education are not sought by employers. The most in-demand competences are linguistic competence in working languages, psycho-physiological competence, interpersonal competence, extra-linguistic knowledge, and instrumental competence. Implications are discussed in terms of promotion and marketing, incorporation of field-based experience into classroom learning, pedagogical innovation, curriculum renewal, and admission interviews. This study may inform the evaluation and modification of the translation curriculum for better education and market alignment and guide students in professional development and lifelong learning.

Research shows that translation teachers with insufficient translation experience will become the bottleneck hindering the development of translation education. However, few studies have examined teachers' translation experience or factors motivating or demotivating them to practice translation. This study attempts to fill the gap by interviewing 11 experienced teachers in 9 Master of Translation and Interpreting (MTI) programmes in China following a semi-structured outline informed by a Systems Theory Framework (STF). It is found that despite the subjects' positive perceptions on the role of translation practice in translation teaching, their translation practice is passive, random, and somewhat utilitarian. Shaped by the combined influences of the individual, social, and environmental-societal systems, they take on translation tasks at the request of personal connections or to meet their research quota. They make hardly any formal contact with the translation market; neither are they familiar with modern technologies used in translation and language service companies. The study concludes by drawing implications for training, recruiting, and appraising translation teachers in China and beyond.

Adolescent behavior is often negatively viewed especially regarding work experience. By introducing a concept of prosocial behavior, our study attempts to provide an alternative view on the effects of teenage job and work experience. We hypothesized that work experience could generate more prosocial behaviors. By surveying a large group of working-class youth (N = 2,860) from eight Chinese vocational schools and using structural equation modeling, we confirmed that the pattern of "having less, giving more" could be found in our sample. Our findings revealed that work experience could facilitate prosocial behavior via the increase of knowledge of both contract-based rights and labor action. By understanding working-class youth's prosocial behavior as a positive outcome of work experience, this study calls for further research on other positive outcomes, such as cooperation, civic engagement, and solidarity, among working-class youth.

To understand the factors and their influencing mechanisms on PhD students' creativity, we propose an extended scientific and technical human capital (STHC) model to examine the structural relationships among different sources of social capital, psychological capital, and PhD students' creativity and to test the moderating role of gender, industry experience, and interdisciplinary experience on the structural model. Data are collected from 201 respondents enrolled in the Joint Training Pilot Project (JTPP) in 2010 and 2011. The results show that (1) university social capital has a significant direct influence on PhD students' creativity, while industry social capital has no significant direct effect; (2) psychological capital partially mediates the relationship between university social capital and creativity and fully mediates the industry social capital and creativity linkage; and (3) gender, industry experience, and interdisciplinary experience moderate several paths. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and recommended directions for future research are suggested.

Transnational mobility characterized by multiple and circular movement of people and their simultaneous interconnections across transnational borders pose challenges to the conception of a closed boundary of community of practice (CoP). This study aims to explore the changing dynamics of CoP in transnational space by examining experiences of transnational academic mobility and connectivity. Through a qualitative case study of internationally educated Chinese transnational academics, who maintained academic and professional connections with their host countries of doctoral studies, this article demonstrates the building of transnational CoPs through their sociocultural learning in transnational space. It underscores tensions, negotiation of power relations, identity trans/formation, and potentials for change in transnational social space. It overshadows the significance of physical boundaries in organizing work, learning, and identities. The study highlights conceptualization of transnational communities of practice for understanding the experiences and identities of transnational academics.

This paper explores the relationship between English language skills and earnings among workers in urban China using micro-data from the 2015 China General Social Survey. Using OLS and 2SLS regressions, we find that there are positive economic returns to English language skills (both listening and speaking) among workers in urban China. We also find that there is considerable heterogeneity in the returns to English skills. There is a relationship of complementarity between language and other human capital such as working experience. But only limited evidence with respect to the complementarity between language and education has been found in our setting.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between work values (WV) and expectations in terms of job quality (JQ) and workplace communication environment (WCE) of undergraduate students. Whether there are significant differences in terms of WV, JQ and WCE among cultural and demographic variables was also assessed. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of 795 undergraduate students in China, Thailand and United Arab Emirates was conducted. Structural equation modeling and a series of one-way analysis of variance tests was carried out. Findings: WV have significant effects on JQ expectations and WCE. This study identifies extrinsic values as the most important WV of the future job market entrants. There are differences in culture, gender and work experience between the three samples in the variables under investigation. Research limitations/implications: The study relied on the self-reported responses in one university in each site. Data on the undergraduate students' major and academic performance was not collected. Practical implications: Job seekers are more likely to choose jobs and WCE that are similar to their personal work value orientation. The study underscores the importance of WV as important motivators in the workplace. Originality/value: This study is the first to compare the WV, JQ and WCE across multiple nations. The study underscores the importance of JQ and WCE as important motivators in the workplace.

In the increasingly global world, skills in cultural competence now form part of the minimum standards of practice required for allied health professionals. During an international work-integrated learning (WIL) placement, allied health students' cultural competence is expected to be enhanced. The present study scrutinized reflective journals of students who completed an international WIL placement to identify themes related to student learning. A retrospective content analysis identified three core themes with sub-themes: "Cultural Competence with three subthemes: cultural egocentricity and cultural adjustment, cultural conflict in dealing with disability (not resolved over time) and, communication and language barriers; "Professional Development" with two subthemes: the evolution of evaluating success and impact on future practice, and "Personal Growth" with two subthemes: newfound reality--constant self-discovery and social responsibility. These themes provide guidance for academics in preparing students beforehand and the reflections during international WIL placements.

Situating in the different social, political and cultural contexts of schooling in China, which is more embedded in mixed neoliberal value, authoritarian state control and collective morality, we use a somewhat different theoretical angle to understand the process of 'learning to labour' and the reproduction of working class at school and at work. Our study extends the horizon of Willis' analysis of cultural reproduction at school by seriously analysing students' work experiences through their internship at the site of production. Taking a sociological rather than cultural analysis approach, we re-conceptualize working-class agency embedded in a double contradiction of schooling as a site of contestation. This double contradiction is generated by conflicting experiences caused by inevitable conflicts among the three spheres of material production, social reproduction and cultural reproduction in educating ideal labour subjects to serve the state, market and family, providing fertile soil for re-negotiating working-class solidarity.

Research on the group characteristics and channels for selection of party secretaries at private institutions of higher education has important significance in strengthening leadership by party organizations and perfecting internal governance structures at private institutions of higher education. A survey of 293 private institutions of higher education shows that, on the whole, party secretaries tend to be more advanced in age, with a fairly reasonable ratio of men and women, while their academic qualifications need improvement. The career trajectories of party secretaries display diversification, and their power is gradually expanding. The principal channels for selection of party secretaries include appointment by the educational affairs department of the party committee, or election by the school. In the future, a qualifications-based access system should be established for party secretaries at private institutions of higher education, and the selection system for party secretaries should be perfected, with accurate positioning of their roles, and correct handling of relationships with school operators and presidents, allowing secretaries to better exercise their roles as leaders, participants, supervisors and coordinators, so as to usher in safe, stable and standardized school development. [Translated by Carissa Fletcher.]

To study implicit concepts of creativity in computer science in the United States and mainland China, we first asked 308 Chinese computer scientists for adjectives that would describe a creative computer scientist. Computer scientists and non-computer scientists from China (N = 1069) and the United States (N = 971) then rated how well those adjectives described creative computer scientists using a 5-point Likert Scale. Factor analysis revealed that the concept of a creative computer scientist had four dimensions: (1) smart/effective, (2) outgoing, (3) creative thinking and (4) unsociable. Differences in the implicit concepts across disciplines, ethnicity, gender, age, and working experience were analyzed. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the domain specificity of creativity.

This paper revisits and revisions Education for All (EFA) in the age of global migration with the aim of developing more inclusive approaches towards social justice and equity in education. Drawing on cases of internal and international migration in China and Canada, this paper compares and contrasts policies and practices in the education of migrants and their children to discern common issues and challenges in both country contexts. The findings reveal that despite China's nine-year compulsory education law for all school-aged children, migrant children are often deprived of equitable learning opportunities, resulting in their being the most educationally marginalised in China. The case of Canada demonstrates some of the challenges facing immigrants in having their prior learning and work experience recognised. Lessons learned from this comparative analysis have important implications for the post-2015 EFA revisioning process in terms of developing a holistic, inclusive lifelong learning framework which ensures that the learning needs of both young and adult learners are met through access to equitable learning opportunities as well as recognition of their prior learning and experience.

Social work is emerging as a rapidly developing profession in mainland China, a unique context that affects how these new social workers view themselves, their professional identity, and their work. Few studies explore the lived experiences of these new social workers as they enter agencies and begin working with clients while interacting with larger systems that influence clients and social workers alike. This case study highlights the experience of one of the first professionally educated social workers in Shanghai and describes the challenges and achievements of her first 5 years of professional practice. This case highlights the professional experiences and feelings of many social workers in China. We give recommendations for social work education and training.

This study explored the validity of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in a sample of 853 practicing teachers from Australia, Canada, China (Hong Kong), Indonesia, and Oman. The authors used multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to test the factor structure and measurement invariance across settings, after which they examined the relationships between work engagement, workplace well-being (job satisfaction and quitting intention), and contextual variables (socioeconomic status, experience, and gender). The 1-factor version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale was deemed preferable to the 3-factor version and showed acceptable fit to the cross-national data. The 1-factor Utrecht Work Engagement Scale showed good internal consistency and similar relationships with workplace well-being and contextual variables across settings. The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale was invariant within broadly construed Western and non-Western groups but not across Western and non-Western groups. The authors concluded that the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale needs further development before its use can be supported in further cross-cultural research. (Contains 4 tables.)

In the realm of reconfiguring Chinese vocational education and training (VET) the country is collaborating with Germany which provides guidance and support for the development of a dual system in China. The article outlines the circumstances that need to be considered in such a policy transfer and possible scenarios for the development of a modern VET system. The VET systems in both countries are explained and compared before the authors examine implications for a policy transfer. (Contains 2 figures.)

The acquisition of skills that match job requirements has become an issue in human resource development. A uniform but vague list of desirable skills often provided by policymakers or advocated by scholars is used as a guide in education and training programs in China. Using survey data, this study analyzes the core skills that workforces in China consider to be important in carrying out job routines in different jobs, different industries, and different geographical regions. This study surveyed 25,933 employees from 397 randomly sampled firms of four counties in each of the East, Central, and West regions of China. Twenty kinds of job skills were deduced from interviews conducted in the field. Five categories of skills were identified by the employees: dispositional characteristics, technical know-how skills, job basics, problem solving, and communication. Using a hierarchical model, the analysis is focused on whether employees in different occupations ( for example, managerial, professional, salesperson, frontline workers) had different perceptions of required job skills. The results show both differences related to occupation and work experience and similarities in perceived job competencies among industries and across three regions.

Analyzes the effect of the transition from a state socialist economy to a market-oriented economy on personal income inequality in urban China. Examines returns to human capital (educational attainment and work experience) in low-profit state firms, high-profit state firms, and market firms. (Contains 54 references.) (Author/SV)

The relationship between work and education in the People's Republic of China is discussed. Parallels between Confucian and Maoist views of education, the Maoist view of education as an instrument to overcome the inequities in society, and work in education as an agent of moral improvement are described. (MLW)

Despite the large number of working-class students having to work while attending schools, their work experience and the potential of class solidarity have been largely unaddressed. By bringing in a social psychological perspective, this article revives the sociological debates of working-class solidarity and challenges the defeatist view of solidarity since the neoliberal turn of the global economy. This article comprises two studies. In Study 1, a working-class solidarity measure (WCSM) was developed through interviews, followed by factor-analysis of a vocational school sample in China (n = 509). In Study 2, we validated the factor structure of the WCSM and adopted structural equation modelling to show that prosocial behaviour positively predicted solidarity among vocational school students (n = 2534). Contrary to the understanding that the working-class is divisive and fragmentary, our work shows that working-class solidarity can be built and consolidated through layers of prosocial behaviours by students with work experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the existing studies on the role of different founders' personalities in the growth of new ventures, we take the digital technology start-ups as the research object and focus on the role of founders' creativity. In this study, we assess the relationship between founders' creativity and business growth. According to the framework of upper echelons theory, we propose several hypotheses. Based on the investigation of 153 new ventures in China's transition economy, we find that: (1) founders' creativity has a positive impact on the growth of enterprises; (2) business model innovation positively mediates the relationship between founders' creativity and enterprise growth; (3) work experience is found to be a moderator of the relationship between founders' creativity and business model innovation. The conclusion of our analysis not only helps to further deepen the research on the growth process of start-ups but also helps to further expand the important role of business model innovation and founders' work experience in the growth of new firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the psychological mechanism by which parents' socioeconomic status, including income and social class, influences the international entrepreneurship intentions of young adults. Two datasets, self-reported (survey) and objective, were collected from 372 undergraduate students across 19 universities in China. Parents' income and social class had a positive effect on international entrepreneurship intentions. Sense of power and motivational cultural intelligence (CQ) played mediating roles in this relationship, and work experience moderated this relationship. The mediation tests revealed that sense of power and motivational CQ comprise a serial mediation process, in that order. The effect of motivational CQ on international entrepreneurship intentions was strengthened by young adults' work experience. We identified the underlying mechanism and moderator of the relationship between socioeconomic factors and international entrepreneurship intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the work experience of clinical first‐line nurses treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Background: COVID‐19 has been listed as an international public health emergency. Clinical first‐line nurses are at a high risk of infection, and they face a lack of experience and inadequate preparation for COVID‐19, leading to physical and psychological disorders. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted from January to February 2020 at a COVID‐19‐designated hospital in Wuhan, China. Thirty nurses were selected for the study using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected by semi‐structured interviews and analysed using content analysis. Results: Two main categories were defined in the study from the perspective of nurses: negative experiences during clinical first‐line work and positive impacts of clinical first‐line work. Under the first category, two subcategories were included: psychological experiences of clinical first‐line work and difficulties faced during clinical first‐line work. The analysis further yielded two subcategories for the second category: the needs of clinical first‐line work and the impact of clinical first‐line work on professional attitudes. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that success depends upon strengthening emergency training and knowledge of infectious diseases for nurses, providing adequate protective equipment and improving the emergency response plans of hospitals for public health emergencies. Implications for Nursing Management: It is believed that our findings will guide hospital managers to make improvements in personal, administrative and institutional areas and that they will provide a reference and inspiration for nurses with regard to public health emergencies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experienced employees are a crucial asset and intelligent resource for organizations. In this study, we examined the effect of employee work experience on employee voice behavior. We also proposed employee locomotion as a factor that would affect voice behavior jointly with their work experience and we further proposed that work experience would interact with locomotion to influence voice behavior. Data from subordinates (n = 170) and their immediate supervisors (n = 46) were collected from employees working for companies in East China. Results of hierarchical linear modeling revealed that (a) high locomotion was positively related to promotive voice but not to prohibitive voice; and (b) high locomotion strengthened the association between both work experience and prohibitive voice and work experience and promotive voice. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the prevalence of social exclusion experienced by older rural residents in China and investigates the impact of work and residence history on rural residents' social exclusion in later life. Data are from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Logistic regression models are used. Results show that rural males with non-agricultural work experience are less likely to experience exclusion from social participation, financial products and common consumer goods and report perceived exclusion than those who have only engaged in agricultural work over their life course. However, no significant associations between work history and the five domains of social exclusion were found among rural females. The change in place of residence itself leads to higher levels of perceived exclusion for both males and females. Policymakers should focus on promoting social participation and the psychological health for return migrants, particular for rural females.

Objective: Emergent public health events, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have been the focus of attention of researchers at home and abroad. In China, nurses are an important group contributing to the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic., Methods: Using semi-structured interviews, qualitative interviews were conducted with 23 nurses who supported the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, and the data were collated and analyzed using Colaizzi analysis., Results: The work experience of Chinese nurses can be summarized into 4 major themes: they had different emotional experiences during aiding periods, aiding work had a double impact on the nurses, there were certain difficulties in aiding work, and there were significant age differences in aiding work experience., Conclusions: It is necessary to strengthen the psychological construction of nurses. All hospitals must coordinate and manage various safety tasks, and ensure the precise, scientific, and streamlined deployment of rescue work. Humanized management, shift adjustment, performance allocation weight, and organizational care are also the top priorities of human resource management.

Background: The standardized training system for newly graduated registered nurses (NGRNs) in China is different from that of other countries in the world, especially when frequent disasters occur, emergency department (ED) training is particularly important. However, the work experience of new Chinese nurses in standardized training in the emergency department still remained unclear., Objectives: To explore the experience of newly recruited nurses in standardized training in the emergency department., Design: Qualitative research., Setting: A 3rd level hospital in Shanghai, China., Participants: Fifteen NGRNs undergoing standardized training in the ED., Methods: Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted between August and September 2020. Colaizzi seven-step framework was applied for data analysis., Results: Three main themes emerged: high occupational pressure, competency enhancement in ED and high satisfaction with standard training., Conclusions: It is very important and necessary for NGRNs to have a training period in the emergency department. This not only helps NGRNs to improve their abilities in emergency care, but also reserve talents during emergency responses. At the same time, the training methods for NGRNs should be refined and improved, and effective support should be provided. This can help NGRNs relieve from work pressure, better and rapidly adapt to the clinical environment and enter the nursing role., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: In December 2019, the global outbreak of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) was reported. As of March 8, 2020, more than 90,000 cases were reported worldwide, resulting in a shortage of global medical resources. The purpose of this study was to understand the working experience of triage nurses in the emergency department (ED) of a large teaching general hospital in Shenzhen (Guangdong province, China) during the COVID-19 epidemic. This will provide a basis for improving the emergency nursing strategies and the epidemic response capabilities of triage nurse., Methods: Ten triage nurses were selected as subjects by objective sampling for in- depth interviews, and the data were analyzed by the Colaizzi seven-step analysis method., Results: There were four themes in the working experience of triage nurses, including fear of infection and transmission, job stress, gratitude, and expectations of managers., Conclusion: During the COVID-19, the work experience of triage nurses mainly included the fear of infection and transmission, the high work pressure, the sense of team strength and the care of leaders. It was suggested that nursing managers should ensure the human resources of triage nurses, increase training, strengthen emergency drills, improve emergency nursing countermeasures, and improve the response capability of triage nurses during the epidemic., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)