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The Tephritidae family causes damage to fruits in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, with Bactrocera minax Enderlein (Diptera: Tephritidae) widely distributed in China, causing severe economic damage to Chinese citrus. Currently, preventing the rapid spread of B. minax remains an effective strategy to control it as the climate continues to warm in the future. In this context, it is crucial to understand the potential geographic range of B. minax under climate change. We used meta-analysis to assess the survival of Tephritidae insects under temperature stress. We also used the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to predict the suitable regions and migration trajectories of B. minax in China under current and future climatic conditions. Through comprehensive analysis of the experimental data, we found that the survival rate of Tephritidae insects in the suitable temperature range showed an increasing trend with the increase in warming extent. Using the MaxEnt model, we observed that the highly suitable area, as well as the moderately suitable area of B. minax , were expanding in all 3 future climate scenarios, with the distribution moving toward the high latitude region and the coastal region of China. Our results also indicate that temperature and precipitation contribute more to the model in the current year. Combining multiexperiment data, our study demonstrates that the potential distribution of B. minax in China will expand under future climate warming scenarios, and these predictions will provide important information for monitoring B. minax and informing managers in developing control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinglou Chengqi (XLCQ) decoction, composed of three botanical drugs and one inorganic drug, is used in clinics during the treatment of acute stroke complicated with Tanre Fushi (TRFS) syndrome in China. However, its active ingredients and the molecular mechanism have not been clarified. So, we aimed to preliminarily characterize its chemical constituents and investigate its pharmacological mechanisms using an integrative pharmacology strategy, including component analysis, network prediction, and experimental verification. We employed UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS to describe the chemical profile of XLCQ, Integrative Pharmacology-based Network Computational Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCMIP v2.0, http://www.tcmip.cn/), to assist in identifying the chemical components and predict the putative molecular mechanism against acute stroke complicated with TRFS, and LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells to verify the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of luteolin, apigenin, and chrysoeriol. Altogether, 197 chemical compounds were identified or tentatively characterized in the water extraction of XLCQ, 22 of them were selected as the key active constituents that may improve the pathological state by regulating 27 corresponding targets that are mainly involved in inflammation/immune-related pathways, and furthermore, luteolin, apigenin, and chrysoeriol exhibited good anti-neuroinflammatory effects from both protein and mRNA levels. In summary, it is the first time to employ an integrative pharmacology strategy to delineate 22 constituents that may improve the pathological state of stroke with TRFS by regulating 27 corresponding targets, which may offer a highly efficient way to mine the scientific connotation of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. This study might be a supplement for the deficiency of the basic research of XLCQ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yunnan is a multiethnic province in southwest China, rich in Materia medica resources, and is popularly known as the kingdom of plants. Biomedicine and public health industry have been the industrial pillars of Yunnan since 2016, which is the important pharmaceutical industrial base for Dai and Yi medicine in China. This review of the Yunnan ethnic medicine industry describes some of the problems to be solved in the development of sustainable ethnomedicine in China. We investigated Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) declared as ethnomedicine on the drug instructions and identified 28 Dai patent medicines (DPMs) and 73 Yi patent medicines (YPMs) that were approved for clinical use in China. In further research, the clinical indications of these CPMs were determined, and the quality standard of medicinal materials and their usage frequencies in DPMs and YPMs were investigated. We also collected and analyzed the data on use of botanical and animal sources of medicines, the rare and endangered medicinal materials, and toxic medicines in DPMs and YPMs. The application of zootherapy in Yi traditional medicine was introduced from its abundant ancient documents and records; based on the "YaGei" theory in Dai traditional medicine, toxic medicines can be relatively safe in DPMs. However, for promoting the Yunnan traditional medicine industry, it is necessary to strengthen medical research to expand evidence-based clinical practice and balance ethnomedicine production and sustainable utilization of Materia medica resources, especially the animal sources of medicines, toxic medicines, and the protected wild resources reported in this survey. Only in this way can industrialization of ethnomedicine promote the improvement of human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingivitis is an inflammatory disease that affects gingival tissues through a microbe-immune interaction. Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJD) is used traditionally for clearing and detoxifying in China, which had been reported to possess many pharmacological effects. Rat gingival inflammation model was established by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection for 3 consecutive days, and HLJD was given by gavage before LPS injection. After 3 days rats were sacrificed and tissue samples were evaluated. Serum cytokine levels such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative stress related molecules such as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. Expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway were inspected by western blotting. Histological changes of gingival tissues were tested with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. HLJD significantly decreased serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, suppressed generation of MDA and ROS, and enhanced T-AOC creation. Moreover, HLJD inhibited expressions of AMPK and ERK1/2. The inflammation severity of gingival tissue by HE staining was severe in model group but relieved in HLJD group obviously. HLJD exhibited protective effects against gingival damage through suppressing inflammation reaction and elevating antioxidation power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete chloroplast genome of Salix cupularis Rehder was assembled and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The chloroplast genome of S. cupularis was 155,518 bp in length, containing a large single-copy region (84,373 bp), a small single-copy region (16,226 bp), and two inverted repeat regions (27,458 bp). The overall GC content of S. cupularis chloroplast genome was 36.70%. The chloroplast genome of S. cupularis contained 127 unique genes, including 82 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. cupularis was most related to Salix magnifica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Delta (YRD) is a typical agricultural and petrochemical industrial area in China. To assess the current status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of soil residues, soil samples (0–15 cm) (n = 82) were collected in Bincheng District, at the geographic center of the YRD. Concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) ranged from 181.1 to 2176.0 μg kg−1, with an average concentration of 359.8 μg kg−1, showing significant increase along a rural-urban gradient (p ≤ 0.05). The contribution of naphthalene and phenanthrene to ∑PAHs was 48.6–57.6 %, and the contribution of low molecular weight (two- and three-ring) PAHs was 56.3–66.4 % from urban to rural. The significant correlations between ∑PAHs and soil organic C and total N concentrations were observed (p ≤ 0.05), indicated soil organic C and total N can affect PAH distribution in the study area, especially for low molecular weight PAHs. Principal component and multiple linear regression analysis reveal that soil PAHs have different sources in different area. Various petroleum inputs (volatilization, vehicular and non-vehicle combustion) were the main sources of soil PAHs in the urban and suburban areas, and the main source was biomass burning in the rural. In general, most soil PAH contaminations in the study area were classified as weakly polluted. Even so, soil PAH contamination from petroleum, particularly near petrochemical production sites, deserves further attention, because lighter PAH compounds are more labile and can react with other pollutants to form more toxic derivates. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the aging of the population, the prevalence of osteoporosis (OP) is rising rapidly, making it an important public health concern. Early screening and effective treatment of OP are the primary challenges facing the management of OP today. Quanduzhong capsule (QDZ) is a single preparation composed of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., which is included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. It is used to treat OP in clinical practice, but its mechanisms are unclear. This study involved 30 patients with OP, 30 healthy controls (HC), and 28 OP patients treated with QDZ to identify potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of OP and to investigate the potential mechanism of QDZ in treating OP. The serum samples were analyzed using targeted amino acid metabolomics. Significant differences in amino acid metabolism were identified between the OP cohort and the HC group, as well as between OP patients before and after QDZ treatment. Compared with HC, the serum levels of 14 amino acids in OP patients changed significantly. Kynurenine, arginine, citrulline, methionine, and their combinations are expected to be potential biomarkers for OP diagnosis. Notably, QDZ reversed the changes in levels of 10 amino acids in the serum of OP patients and significantly impacted numerous metabolic pathways during the treatment of OP. This study focuses on screening potential biomarkers for the early detection of OP, which offers a new insight into the mechanism study of QDZ in treating OP. • Osteoporosis patients had dysfunctions in amino acid metabolic profiles. • The combination of four potential biomarkers is potential as diagnostic biomarkers. • Quanduzhong capsules reversed the clinical symptoms of osteoporosis. • Quanduzhong capsules reversed the changes in the amino acid profile of osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Clinical trials of drug research and development approved by NMPA. • A total of 9,401 clinical trials were analyzed in this article. • Analyzed the phase, indication, dosage form, applicant of the clinical trials. • Analyzed the status and provided proposal for drug R&D in China. The research and development (R&D) of new drugs indicates scientific progress and economic development. However, little is known regarding ongoing or recent clinical trials in China. We analyzed data from clinical trials published before December 31, 2019, and found that the annual registration numbers are increasing annually in the country. Based on clinical indications, most tested drugs target cancers, nervous system, infections, and the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, clinical trials are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai, and Jiangsu, and conducted by large pharmaceutical companies, with multiple trials for several generic drugs. Going forward, it will be necessary to promote R&D in China of clinically relevant innovative drugs, drug delivery systems, and novel traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and biological products, as well as to have a balanced distribution of clinical trials to sustainably meet public health needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, abortions of donkeys caused by Salmonella have dramatically stifled the growth of the donkey industry. However, pathogenicity of Salmonella linked to abortions in donkeys has not been previously described. Bacteria were isolated and identified from 45 donkeys that experienced abortions, and antibiograms were conducted. Pathogenicity, as median lethal dose (LD 50) in mice was then determined. Furthermore, a mouse abortion model was used to re-create the disease observed in donkeys. The pathologic changes in spleen, liver, intestine and embryo were observed by histological examination. An immunofluorescence assay was used to determine the location and distribution of Salmonella colonization in tissues. A clear link was made between S. abortus equi and abortions in donkeys. The bacterial strains isolated from these cases were either highly or moderately sensitive to the 8 antibiotics tested here. The strain of S. abortus equi isolated here was lethal to mice (LD 50 value is 1.88 × 108 CFU), and caused abortions in pregnant mice. The 50% abortion-causing dose was 1.22 × 108 CFU. Pathological and immunofluorescence data confirmed that the abortions in pregnant mice and donkeys were accompanied by similar disease processes. Therefore, a Salmonella induced abortion model in mice was developed, characterized by abortion, aberrant embryo development, and parenchymal hypoplasia. The mouse abortion model developed here is an important tool for the future characterization and testing therapeutic interventions. • In this work, we isolated the pathogenic bacterium was indeed the cause of abortions in the donkeys. • A Salmonella induced abortion model in mice was developed, The mouse abortion model developed here is an important tool for the future characterization and testing therapeutic interventions. • This study provided insights into the molecular characteristics of Salmonella prevalent of equine in Shandong, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data fusion of e-eye, e-nose, and e-tongue and main constitutes of XCHG using the PLSR model to predict the content of the constituent contained in unknown Xiaochaihu granules sample. [Display omitted] • The profile of the aroma, taste and color of Xiaochaihu Granules were firstly interpreted. • The qualitative and quantitative assessment method of Xiaochaihu Granules based on E-eye, E-nose, E-tongue and chemometric was established. • The representative constituents of XCHG could be predict with integrated data of e-nose, e-eye and e-tongue by PLSR model. Xiaochaihu granules (XCHG), a famous Chinese patent medicine with high sales, have more than 100 approved number by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). Therefore, it is important to evaluate the quality of XCHG from different pharmaceutical companies. The data fusion of electronic eye (e-eye), electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) combined with chemometrics were applied for qualitative identification and quantitative prediction of XCHG quality. Firstly, main chemical constituents, such as saikosaponin b2, baicalin and glycyrrhizin were quantified with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Secondly, the characteristic features of odor, color, and taste of XCHG were measured by e-nose, e-eye and e-tongue, and the Pearson correlation between constituents and e-signals was analyzed. Thirdly, partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) of e-eye, e-nose and e-tongue were classified by the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) results of the main constituents of XCHG separately. Finally, partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to build the prediction model between components and data fusion of e-eye, e-nose and e-tongue. The results showed that saikosaponin b2, baicalin and glycyrrhizin were the three main components in XCHG samples. in which saikosaponin b2 ranged from 0.280 to 2.186 mg (relative standard deviation (RSD), 62.10 %), baicalin range from 25.883 mg to 49.108 mg (RSD, 16.64 %), and glycyrrhizin ranged from 0.897 mg to 6.052 mg (RSD, 40.32 %) of 31 batches of XCHG in each bag. Pearson correlation results showed that the main constituents were related to the core e-signals of XCHG, such as Eab, bitterness and R2 (odor sensitive to nitrogen oxide). Data fusion of e-eye, e-nose and e-tongue with main constitutes of XCHG using the PLSR model showed that the root mean square error (RMSE) values were 0.320 and 0.090 for saikosaponin b2 and licoricesaponin G2 (P < 0.000). The saikosaponin b2 and licoricesaponin G2 contents in XCHG could be predicted with integrated data of e-nose, e-eye, and e-tongue using the PLSR model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could improve crop yield by nutrient uptake from soil. However, how AMF of topsoil and subsoil respond to long-term differential application of mineral and organic fertilizers and how they are influenced in presence of different crops and growth stages have never been assessed together. Next generation sequencing was applied to profile soil AMF communities in both topsoil and subsoil from a typical arable soil (Eutric Regosol) in the Sichuan Base, southwest China. Soils were collected at anthesis and harvest of winter wheat and maize after 15-years of differential fertilization of an annual maize-wheat rotation (same inputs of nitrogen, N; but different in carbon, C; phosphorus, P; and potassium, K): (i) no-fertilization control (CT), (ii) 100% mineral NPK fertilizer (NPK), (iii) 60% mineral N and 100% mineral PK plus 40% N as crop residues (NPKCR); and (iv) 60% mineral N and 100% mineral PK plus 40% N as pig (organic) manure (NPKOM). Compared to CT, AMF diversity significantly decreased in topsoil, but increased in subsoil for both wheat and maize under NPK, NPKCR and NPKOM. The AMF community composition differed between NPK and CT in both topsoil and subsoil of maize and wheat. Both distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) suggested that AMF communities in topsoil and subsoil of maize and wheat responded in differences in soil available P, soil organic carbon, fertilization and climate (temperature and/or rainfall). Fertilization and available N, not AMF community, had significantly positive effects on wheat and maize aboveground dry matter and grain yield. Results from the present study shed light on how AMF communities in topsoil and subsoil respond to different soil fertility management over the long-term. Insights of this study are valuable in managing an important part of biological soil fertility. • AMF communities differed between fertilization regimes and soil depths. • AMF communities correlated with available phosphorus in topsoil and nitrogen in subsoil. • Soil organic carbon and rainfall correlated with AMF community Chao1 index and diversity. • Fertilization, but not AMF Chao1 index, determined plant biomass and grain yield. • AMF communities in subsoil were influenced by N fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection talents training (EPTT) is recognized as a key prerequisite for maintaining environmental sustainability, and in order to study the influence of each player on EPTT. This paper innovatively constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model of government, university and enterprise. The equilibrium points and evolutionary stabilization strategies of each participant are solved by replicating the dynamic equations, and the behaviors of each subject in EPTT are analyzed so as to clarify the behavioral characteristics and optimal strategies of the government's participation in EPTT. The results show that enterprises occupy a more important position in influencing government decisions. The government should reduce the financial incentives for enterprises and replace them with greater policy support. Meanwhile, the government should actively promote the cultivation mechanism that integrates universities and enterprises. The results of the study can provide a decision-making basis for the government to promote the sustainable development of EPTT., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Construction of circumlittoral shelter forest is of great significance to maintain ecological security of coastal zones, the safety of people's lives and property in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) in China. Tamarix chinensis-grass patterns have shown obvious advantages in construction of circumlittoral shelter forest and improving the soil quality of coastal saline soil. This study aimed to explore the soil-improving effects of various Tamarix chinensis-grass community patterns and identify the best vegetation pattern for improving the soil quality in the coastal saline-alkali land. Six kinds of Tamarix chinensis-grass community patterns were selected from the saline-alkali soil of the YRD, with bare land as the control. Effects of different Tamarix chinensis-grass patterns on the coastal saline soil were evaluated using statistical methods (e.g. principal component analysis and fuzzy membership function method). The results showed that various Tamarix chinensis-grass community patterns significantly decreased the salt contents and increased the available nutrient contents in the coastal saline-alkali soil. The soil improvement effects showed obvious distinctions among the different Tamarix chinensis-grass patterns. The mixed forest-grass pattern consisting of Tamarix chinensis, Phragmites australis, and other salt-resistant grasses showed the best effects in relation to reducing salt, preventing alkalization and increasing the soil nutrients, which resulted in the lowest salt contents and the highest nutrients. Grass species play a major role in increasing soil nutrient contents, and the density of new Tamarix chinensis forest contributes greatly to the decrease of soil salt. And the more kinds of grass species are, the better improvement effects they will have. Therefore, during the construction of the circumlittoral shelter forest system in the muddy coastal zone of the YRD, it is recommended to prioritize the high density Tamarix chinensis-Phragmites australis (TPA) community pattern, and live together with other kinds of salt-resistant grasses., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Soil salinization and nutrient deficiency have emerged as the major factors negatively impacting soil quality and primary productivity in the coastal saline-alkali soil of the Yellow River Delta. Biochar has been proposed as an efficient strategy for promoting plant growth and restoring degraded saline-alkali soil. However, knowledge is inadequate regarding the effects of adding Spartina alterniflora-derived biochar alone or in combination with effective microorganisms (EM) on the growth of Sesbania cannabina and soil quality in saline-alkali soil. To enhance this knowledge, a pot experiment with different EM treatments (without EM addition, EM-; with EM addition, EM+) and a gradient of biochar treatments (0%, B 0 ; 0.5%, B 1 ; 1.5%, B 2 ; and 3%, B 3 ; biochar weight/soil weight) was conducted. Our results showed that biochar addition alone and in combination with EM significantly increased seed germination, plant height, stem diameter, total biomass and plant nutrient uptake of S. cannabina. Biochar addition, EM addition and their interaction significantly decreased soil salt content efficiently and increased soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) but had little effect on soil pH. Biochar addition increased soil organic carbon, soil NH 4 + and NO 3 -, microbial biomass carbon, and soil enzyme activities and these effects increased in strength when biochar and EM were present simultaneously. Of the treatments, the EM + B 3 treatment had the largest effects in terms of inhibiting salinization, increasing soil fertility, elevating soil nutrients and enzyme activities, and improving plant growth. Moreover, the application of biochar and EM promoted the growth of S. cannabina by enhancing plant nutrient uptake, improving soil fertility (e.g., TN, AP, AK, NH 4 + and NO 3 - ), and elevating soil enzyme activities (urease and alkaline phosphatase activity). Overall, the integrated use of an appropriate biochar rate (3%) and EM for coastal saline-alkali soil could be an effective strategy to ameliorate soil salinity, improve soil quality and promote plant productivity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financialinterestsor personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Rabies is an important zoonosis worldwide, and this disease is caused by the rabies virus. Dogs and bat are the major hosts of rabies virus; however, many animals could infect with the rabies virus. By biting or scratching by an infected animal, rabies virus can be transmitted to cattle which is an important domestic animal in animal husbandry. Here, we report a case about a rabies virus (abbreviated JSTZ190314) found in cattle in eastern China in 2019. Our findings suggest that this rabies virus JSTZ190314 was a dog-origin rabies virus and belonged to the Asia clade. Furthermore, we found that this JSTZ190314-like rabies virus has been prevalent in China for more than 13 years and infected six species of animals. Our findings suggested that enhanced surveillance and research of rabies virus infection in bovine populations is needed.

Background: Sand burial plays an irreplaceable and unique role in the growth and distribution of vegetation on the Shell Dike Island in the Yellow River Delta. There are still some unknown on the effects of sand burial on the morphology, biomass, and especially the stoichiometry of Periploca sepium, as well as the relationship between these factors., Results: Shell sand burial depth had a significant influence on seedling emergence, growth, and biomass of P. sepium. Shallow sand burial shortened the emergence time and improved the emergence rate, morphological and biomass of P. sepium compared to deep burial and the control. Burial depth significantly affected the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of the leaves. With deep burial, the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) and carbon/phosphorus (C/P) ratios decreased firstly and then increased with depth, while the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (N/P) presented the contrary trend. Correlation analysis showed that the stoichiometry of N/P was positively correlated to morphology and biomass of P. sepium at different burial depths. Structural equation model analysis revealed that N was the largest contributor to P. sepium biomass., Conclusions: Optimal burial depth is beneficial to the seedling emergence, growth and nutritional accumulation of P. sepium. Stoichiometry has an important influence on the morphological formation and biomass accumulation.

Properties of vertical distribution of soil near water bodies are vary considerably from those of land and may greatly affect the transportation of heavy metals in wetlands. Vertical distributions of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the soil of aquatic-terrestrial ecotone (ATE) of Lake Taihu, China, and in wetland plant tissues were studied. Generally, concentrations of heavy metals decreased with increasing depth in the top 40-cm cores and then increased slightly with increasing depth. This investigation indicated that concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn exceeded the geochemical background values in the Taihu Lake area. Concentrations of Cd at all depth soil columns exceeded the Environment Quality Standard for Soils of China. Correlation analysis showed that concentrations of Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb correlated significantly with one another, suggesting that they had the same origin. The concentration of Cu was negatively correlated with root biomass, which may explain the lower concentration of copper in the soil cores. The dominant plants of the wetland were Phragmites australis and Ludwigia prostrata, and heavy metal accumulated primarily in the root tissue. The general order was root > rhizome > stem > leaf, whereas in L. prostrata, leaf was the main tissue for Cr accumulation. Both P. australis and L. prostrata had the highest concentration factor (CF) to Cu, and CF was 20.3 and 15.8, respectively. Aquatic-terrestrial ecotone plants are more effective in controlling Cu pollution than other heavy metals. This will be very significant for ATE reestablishment near Cu-polluted sites.