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The use of hydropower has expanded in recent years in southwest China, playing a key role in the success of China's West-to-East energy strategy. Although installed hydropower capacity has reached a record high, the problem of abandoned water has intensified and has been gradually highlighted by researchers. Abandoned water has resulted in a significant waste of carbon-free and inexpensive renewable energy, which is not conducive to China's goals to reduce emissions to save energy. This waste has seriously affected the development of China's hydropower industry. Therefore, now is the time to analyze the main reasons for the abandoned water problem and to identify the crux of the problem. In this paper, we collected the actual operation data of all the power stations in the case area and established the mathematical model according to the quantity of abandoned water as well as the actual and the theoretical output curve of the power station to quantify the abandoned water into energy loss. We then classified the abandoned water according to three groups of causes, namely, generation-side, line-side, and market-side causes. In 2016, the total energy loss of abandoned water of Sichuan Province was 28.73 × 109 kW h, of which the generation-, line-, and market-side causes account for 7.76%, 11.68%, and 80.56% of the energy loss, respectively. Therefore, the market-side causes are the main cause for the abandoned water problem. Such market-side causes primarily include the imbalance between electricity supply and demand, the provincial barriers of the local government system and its mechanisms, and the hysteresis congestion of the transmission lines. Seizing the favorable opportunity presented by new power system reforms in China, this study proposes several market-oriented measures to improve hydropower consumption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs), which include benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, are the most commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs worldwide, and their inappropriate use places a significant burden on public health. Given the widespread use of BZRAs in psychiatric settings, this condition may result from doctors' improper prescribing. Researchers have developed an electronic intervention system to assist psychiatrists in prescribing BZRAs appropriately. This study aims to determine the efficacy and utility of electronic intervention in reducing improper BZRAs prescriptions in real-world psychiatric outpatient settings., Methods and Analysis: A multicentre randomised controlled research study will be conducted in real-world settings with licensed psychiatrists with prescription qualifications from five of Chinese most significant regional hospitals that provide high-quality mental healthcare. Participants will be 1:1 randomly assigned to receive a 3-month electronic intervention (11 related information pushing and 3 online lectures) or be placed on a waiting list. The primary outcome is the change in the proportion of inappropriate BZRAs prescriptions between the baseline period (3 months before the intervention) and 3 months after the intervention. Secondary outcomes will be examined at baseline, the third month and the sixth month. The secondary outcomes include psychiatrists' knowledge and attitudes about appropriate BZRAs prescription, the associated side effects of BZRAs among patients and self-efficacy. To measure the utility, intervention assessment and system utilisation data from the intervention group were collected., Ethics and Dissemination: The institutional review board and ethics committees of Shanghai Mental Health Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, West China Hospital, Guangji Hospital and Wuhan Mental Health Center approved the study. After the study is completed, the results will be published in peer-reviewed journals or presented at conferences. If the educational materials are effective, they are available to the general public., Trial Registration Number: NCT03724669; Pre-results., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)