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The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the rhGM-CSF gel on third-degree frostbite wounds. Sixty-two patients who had suffered third-degree frostbite on their hand or foot (91 wounds in total) were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly allocated to two groups: the rhGM-CSF group(31patients,45 frostbite wounds) received the rhGM-CSF gel when wound dressing change daily; however, the control group (31patients, 46 frostbite wounds) received aloe glue. The wound healing time, the score of inflammation about the wound and the positive bacterial culture of wound secretions were used to measure outcomes, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS (25.0), Student's t test or Mann–Whitney U test and chi-square test or Fisher exact test were selected, as appropriate. The healing time of the rhGM-CSF group was (12.2 ± 5.0) days, which was significantly shorter than that of the control group (15.5 ± 4.7) days (P <.0001). The rhGM-CSF group's wound inflammation scores on the 7th and 14th day of treatment were (0.96 ± 0.21) and (1.88 ± 0.29), respectively, which were better than those of the control group (1.12 ± 0.24) and (1.38 ± 0.15) (both P <.0001). The positive bacterial culture of wound secretions in the rhGM-CSF group was also better than that in the control group on the 3rd, 7th, and 14th day after treatment (P =.027,.004,.030, respectively). According to the results, using rhGM-CSF gel considerably increases the speed of frostbite wounds healing, and have an effect on protecting third-degree frostbite wounds regarding the positive effects. Trial Registration: This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register, ChiCTR1900021299. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum Wage Regulation (MWR) can raise wage rate, but its relation with labor income share is in controversy. We explore the influence of raising wage rate on labor income share and overwork in China. Panel data regressions are taken mainly based on China's Industrial Enterprise Database and the International Labor Organization Database. Our findings show that raising wage rate can increase labor income share without leading to overwork. Factors that may significantly increase overwork are a higher proportion of male workers, a larger income gap and a lower per-capita income. We point out that the neoclassical explanation for labor income share is not persuasive. We support policies of raising wage rate and believe MWR is an effective measure to increase labor income share. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market-based evolution of financial structure is widely implemented around the world in the past decades and is proved by scholars to create a better financing environment for technological innovation. Nonetheless, the flourishing of financial technology and the strengthening of financial regulation change the financial industry, which may lead to new images. Based on 2665 A-share listed Chinese firms, this study examines the impact of financial structure on enterprise-level technological innovation and the moderating effect of financial technology and regulation. This study demonstrates that the market-based evolution of financial structure is based on two ways to increase the quantity and improve the quality of technological innovation. One is to increase investment, and the other is to improve the input–output innovation efficiency. Financial technology and regulation individually weaken but collectively strengthen the positive impact of the market-based evolution of financial structure. Banks rapidly implement advanced technology and are more tightly regulated. The collaborative development of technology and regulation promotes the financial market's innovation support functions. Heterogeneities, such as internal governance and external supervision, lead to mixed results. This paper lends support for countries with less developed financial systems to embrace reforms in their financial structure, financial technology, and financial regulation. • Lie in the representativeness and particularities of China's financial system. • Extend financial structure theory by examining the impact of financial structure on technological innovation in China. • Investigate the moderating effects plus interactively moderating effect of FinTech and FinReg on the baseline relationship. • Prove the influencing mechanism from financial structure to technological innovation. • Enrich the research on technological innovation quality in China under the background of "patent bubbles". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of statistics and quantitative approach, taking overseas subsidiaries of Shanghai and Shenzhen listed companies as the sample of the research, which systematically studies the immanent logic and mechanism of the differences in investment performance and its dynamic changes from the perspective of comprehensive financial performance and efficiency of management. The results show that the overseas market-oriented strategy affects the investment performance and it is also indirectly adjusted by the access path. The investment performance of the M&A firms that adopt the domestic-oriented strategy is better than that of the newly established ones. The investment performance of M&A is particularly prominent. The investment performance of newly established firms that adopt the export-oriented strategy is better than that of the M & A ones, and the investment performance of newly-built wholly-owned enterprises is particularly prominent. This conclusion provides theoretical support for Chinese enterprises entering overseas to match the appropriate market strategy and mode of entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic transition in China has caused serious air pollution problems despite the rapid economic growth it promotes. Analysis of the air pollution status in 31 provinces in China indicated that positive measures of provincial fiscal investment in environmental protection could relieve the progressive deterioration of financial mechanisms induced by environmental pollution and significantly improve air quality. In this study, a sharp regression discontinuity model was established in accordance with air pollution index (API) grading rules. The model simulated the relationship between API and provincial fiscal investment based on API data obtained from 31 provinces in China from 2001 to 2014. The influence of air pollution on local investments in environmental protection was analysed using the proposed model. The effects of control variables (population density, GDP per capita, proportions of the secondary and tertiary industries, and fixed-asset investment scale) on fiscal investment and robustness of air pollution were subsequently analysed using the McCrary test. Results show that mild air pollution can decrease the proportion of expenditures allocated for environmental protection; however, this effect is not observed under heavy air pollution. Moreover, the "inverse adjustment" response of local government expenditures on environmental protection to air pollution and expenditure proportion allocated for the environmental protection of economically developed provinces shows no discontinuity effect. Meanwhile, the non-model provinces of environmental protection exhibit significant negative discontinuity effect. This study also suggested measures on how Chinese provincial governments can formulate appropriate incentive and constraint mechanisms for air environmental protection, as well as maintain and increase local government investment towards environmental protection. The conclusions obtained in this study can provide practical significance to fully comprehend the heterogeneity in air pollution control of 31 Chinese provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]