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Tidal bore impact can be strong and destructive, placing estuarine infrastructures under great threat. However, there is a lack of research focusing on accurately estimating the impact pressure exerted by tidal bores. Herein new experiments were conducted to investigate the pressure of tidal bore fronts in a glass flume. Through analysis of instantaneous pressure of three forms of tidal bore, it was observed that the pressure fluctuation of weak and strong breaking bore fronts is characterized by impact pressure. The vertical distribution and maximum impact pressure of tidal bore were studied.The maximum impact pressure of breaking bore fronts appeared around 0.46 times height of it. The relationship between relative impact pressure and height of the tidal bore fronts was found to closely follow a normal probability density function. Through nonlinear regression analysis, an empirical equation was derived to calculate impact pressure, which was validated using observation data from the Qiantang River in China. This equation can be utilized to predict the impact pressure of tidal bore fronts and provide valuable support for estuarine engineering design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emission issues are becoming increasingly severe, and the carbon emissions in shrinking cities, primarily characterized by population loss, are often overlooked and insufficiently studied. This paper focuses on the carbon emissions from county-level administrative units in China's three northeastern provinces from 2001 to 2017. The study scientifically identified shrinking cities and measured the differences in carbon emission characteristics between growing and shrinking cities using the Theil index. Ultimately, the paper constructs a panel spatial econometric model to analyze the factors influencing them and explore their spatial effects. (1) The total carbon emissions in the Three Northeastern Provinces exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend, increasing from 734.21 million tons in 2001 to 1731.73 million tons in 2017, with the Mann–Kendall trend test showing a significant increase; spatially, this manifests as a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. (2) The region has 138 shrinking cities, accounting for over 50%; regarding carbon emission characteristics, the Theil index has consistently remained above 0.18, indicating significant differences between the carbon emissions of growing and shrinking cities. (3) The panel spatial econometric model results show that the influencing factors of carbon emissions in shrinking cities have unique directions, intensities, and spatial effects. In shrinking cities, aside from localized GDP effects and per-capita GDP acting as a suppressant, the population size has a pronounced inhibitory effect on local and surrounding carbon emissions. The analysis reveals significant differences in the carbon emission patterns and mechanisms between growing and shrinking cities; based on these results, the paper proposes differentiated carbon control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial–temporal distribution and evolution characteristics of carbon stock under the influence of land use changes are crucial to the scientific management of environmental resources and the optimization of land spatial layout. Taking the Xiamen–Zhangzhou–Quanzhou urban agglomeration in the southeastern coastal region of China as an example, based on seven land use types from 1990 to 2020, including cultivated land, woodland, and construction land, we quantitatively investigate the spatial–temporal patterns of carbon stock development and the spatial correlation of carbon stock distribution. Additionally, two scenarios for the development of urban and ecological priorities in 2060 are established to investigate the effects of land use changes on carbon stock. The results indicate that (1) the research area has formed a land use spatial pattern centered around urban construction in the eastern bay area, with the western forest area and coastal forest belt serving as ecological barriers. Carbon stock is influenced by land use type, and the distribution of total carbon stock exhibits a spatial aggregation phenomenon characterized by "low in the southeast, high in the north, and medium in the center". (2) Distance of trunk and secondary roads, elevation, slope, watershed borders, population size, and gross domestic product (GDP) factors are the main drivers of the growth of land use types. The primary causes of the reduction in carbon stock are the widespread conversion of cultivated land, woodland, and grassland into construction land, as well as water and unused land. (3) In 2060, there will be a decrease of 41,712,443.35 Mg in the urban priority development scenario compared to 2020, and a decrease of 29,577,580.48 Mg in the ecological priority development scenario. The estimated carbon stock under the two scenarios varies by 12,134,862.88 Mg. The average carbon storage of Zhangpu County, Quangang County, and Jimei County is expected to rise by one level under the ecological protection scenario, indicating that the vast forest area can become a potential area to maintain carbon stock. It is crucial to encourage the coordinated development of peri-urban agroforestry and ecological barriers, as well as to establish a harmonious spatial pattern of land use and carbon stock at the scale of urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrinking cities are a global issue with regional characteristics. This paper focuses on the county-level administrative units in the Three Northeastern Provinces in China to identify and classify shrinking cities using a two-step identification method and explores their spatial-temporal evolution. The paper utilizes the panel threshold regression model for empirical testing. The results indicate the following: (1) The number of shrinking cities in the region is large and deep. Quantitatively, the shrinking cities account for about 50% of the whole; spatially, there are six major shrinking city "groups", showing the distribution trend around the "Ha-Da" urban corridor. (2) The threshold effect test reveals that GDP is a critical threshold variable influencing the formation of shrinking cities. Moreover, cities are classified into three types based on the threshold values: Type I (GDP > 2,270,731 yuan), Type II (434,832 < GDP ≤ 2,270,731), and Type III (GDP < 434,832). (3) The results of the dual-threshold and grouped regression models show significant variations in the dominant factors of shrinking cities of different scales. Variables such as impervious area, fiscal revenue, and grass area demonstrate relatively stable promoting effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the land–atmosphere water cycle. In this work, the trend of ET and its dominant factors during 1982 to 2011 are investigated in the northern drought-prone belt of China (NDPB) based on five datasets, including the gridded FLUXNET, using the Pearson correlation and linear regression methods. Specially, we focus on the increasing contribution of vegetation in the change of ET. During 1982–2011, summer ET significantly increased at the rate of 0.33 mm/year (p < 0.05) in the NDPB. However, similar to global-mean ET, the ET in NDPB also experienced a pronounced fluctuation during 1999 and 2002. The role of water supply differed remarkably before and after the fluctuation while the atmospheric demand maintained weak constraint on ET. Before the fluctuation (during 1982–2000), ET correlated significantly (p < 0.01) and positively with soil moisture, indicating ET was primarily limited by water supply. However, their correlation weakened remarkably after the fluctuation when soil moisture decreased to the lowest level for the past thirty years, indicating that neither moisture supply nor atmospheric demand dominated the ET during this period. In contrast, vegetation leaf area index (LAI) maintained consistent significant (p < 0.01) and positive correlation with ET before and after the fluctuation in the NDPB, and it reflected over 60% of the change in ET. Moreover, the LAI in NDPB increased by 19.6% which was more than double of the global-mean increase. The ET increase due to rising LAI offset the ET decrease due to reduction of soil moisture, and vegetation became the primary constraint on ET during 2001–2011. The expansion of vegetation may intensify the risk of drought and cause conflicting demands for water between the ecosystem and humans in the NDPB, especially in the case of weak summer monsoon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urban expansion has strongly impacted rural development in China's suburbs. The increasing probability of socio-ecosystem hazards, such as the shrinking and fragmentation of ecological space, the outflow of labor force, the disintegration of traditional society, and the decline in collective economy has become a systemic risk restricting the sustainable development of rural areas in the suburbs. At present, the influence of urban expansion on rural systemic risk in the suburbs is not clear, which is not conducive to putting forward differentiated and targeted strategies for rural revitalization. Therefore, in this study, we propose the ecological, industrial, social, and livelihood elements of rural systemic risk in the suburbs and construct a multi-dimensional risk resistance analysis framework involving functionality, stability, and sustainability. Taking 93 villages in the western suburbs of Tianjin as an example, and using spatial econometric methods such as remote sensing interpretation, GIS analysis, multiple linear regression, and random forest model testing, we analyze the relationship between external transportation construction, urban employment attraction, construction of land growth, rural risk factors, and the dimension of risk resistance. Finally, the influence of urban expansion on the spatial–temporal differentiation of rural systemic risk and the risk management strategy are discussed. The results show that the difference in the urban expansion intensities is the main factor of the spatial differentiation of rural systemic risk in the suburbs. With the acceleration of the land replacement rate between urban and rural areas, the proportion of urban construction of land is increasing, leading to various degrees of change in the rural land use pattern and the ecological security pattern. Meanwhile, because of the urban employment attraction, part of the rural labor force continues to decrease, leading to the spatial differentiation of rural industrial risks and social risks aggravated. Precise risk management strategies are put forward according to the systemic risks in different types of villages. In villages with a high proportion of urban construction land and inefficient land consolidation, ecological restoration projects should be carried out. For villages severely divided by transit roads, internal spatial connections should be strengthened by constructing public transport. For villages with good accessibility, the allocation of rural non-agricultural industries and service facilities should be strengthened to mitigate the impact of urban expansion on the rural social structure. From the perspective of risk management, the research results will provide a basis for making decisions regarding rural public policymaking and spatial resource allocation in the suburbs of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici is a devastating disease that reduces wheat yield and quality worldwide. The exploration and utilization of new resistance genes from wild wheat relatives is the most effective strategy against this disease. Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng f. ex P. C. Kuo (2n = 2x = 14, NsNs) is an important tertiary gene donor with multiple valuable traits for wheat genetic improvement, especially disease resistance. In this study, we developed and identified a new wheat—P. huashanica disomic addition line, 18-1-5—derived from a cross between P. huashanica and common wheat lines Chinese Spring and CSph2b. Sequential genomic and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses revealed that 18-1-5 harbored 21 pairs of wheat chromosomes plus a pair of alien Ns chromosomes. Non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization and molecular marker analyses further demonstrated that the alien chromosomes were derived from chromosome 7Ns of P. huashanica. The assessment of powdery mildew response revealed that line 18-1-5 was highly resistant at the adult stage to powdery mildew pathogens prevalent in China. The evaluation of agronomic traits indicated that 18-1-5 had a significantly reduced plant height and an increased kernel length compared with its wheat parents. Using genotyping-by-sequencing technology, we developed 118 PCR-based markers specifically for chromosome 7Ns of P. huashanica and found that 26 of these markers could be used to distinguish the genomes of P. huashanica and other wheat-related species. Line 18-1-5 can therefore serve as a promising bridging parent for wheat disease resistance breeding. These markers should be conducive for the rapid, precise detection of P. huashanica chromosomes and chromosomal segments carrying Pm resistance gene(s) during marker-assisted breeding and for the investigation of genetic differences and phylogenetic relationships among diverse Ns genomes and other closely related ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bats were identified as a natural reservoir of emerging and re-emerging infectious pathogens threatening human health and life. Methods: This study collected 21 fecal samples of Hipposideros armiger in Mengla County of Xishuangbanna Prefecture Yunnan Province to combine one pool for viral metagenomic sequencing. Results: Two nearly complete genomes of parechoviruses, BPeV11 and BPeV20, were sequenced. Genome analysis revealed that BPeV11 and BPeV20 follow a 3-3-4 genome layout: 5′ UTR-VP0-VP3-VP1-2A-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3′ UTR. The prevalence of BPev11 and BPev20 by Nested-PCR showed that 1 of 21 fecal samples was positive. Based on amino acid identity comparison and phylogenetic analysis of P1, 2C, and 3D, BPeV11 and BPeV20 were closely related to but distinct from FPeVs. Conclusion: It was probably proposed to be a novel species in the genus Parechovirus of the family Picornaviridae. The isolation of BPev11 and BPev20 from H. armiger in China is the first complete genome of parechovirus isolations from bat feces of the genus Hipposideros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a land–atmosphere coupling "hot spot", the northern China climate transition zone has a sharp spatial gradient of hydrothermal conditions, which plays an essential role in shaping the spatial and temporal pattern of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling, but whose mechanisms still remain unclear. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variation in land–atmosphere coupling strength (CS) in the climate transitional zone of northern China and its relationship with soil moisture and air temperature. Results show that CS gradually transitions from strong positive in the northwest to negative in the southeast and northeast corners. The spatial distribution of CS is closely related to climatic hydrothermal conditions, where soil moisture plays a more dominant role: CS increases first, and then decreases with increasing soil moisture, with the threshold of soil moisture at 0.2; CS gradually transitions from positive to negative at soil moisture between 0.25 and 0.35; CS shows an exponential decreasing trend with increasing temperature. In terms of temporal variation, CS is strongest in spring and weakens sequentially in summer, autumn, and winter, and has significant interdecadal fluctuations. The trend in CS shifts gradually from significantly negative in the west to a non-significant positive in the east. Soil moisture variability dominates the intra-annual variability of CS in the study regions, and determines the interannual variation of CS in arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, the main reason for the positive and negative spatial differences in CS in the study area is the different driving regime of evapotranspiration (ET). ET is energy-limited in the southern part of the study area, leading to a positive correlation between ET and lifting condensation level (LCL), while in most of the northern part, ET is water-limited and is negatively correlated with LCL; LCL has a negative correlation with P across the study area, thus leading to a negative ET-P coupling in the south and a positive coupling in the north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To report the changes in incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants over a 15-year period in South China. Methods: The medical records of ELBW infants were retrospectively reviewed through established database of Shenzhen Screening for ROP Cooperative Group. The incidence and severity of ROP were compared among three successive 5-year periods (P1: 2004–2008, P2: 2009–2013, P3: 2014–2018). Gestational age, birth weight, plurality, mode of delivery and gender were analyzed as risk factors for ROP in ELBW infants. Results: Among the 1099 included ELBW infants, 557 (50.7%) had ROP, and 328 (29.9%) had severe ROP. The highest incidence of ROP (87.5%) and severe ROP (82.5%) were seen in P1. From P2 to P3, the incidence of ROP and severe ROP increased from 45.9% to 50.3% for ROP (P <.05) and from 26.4% to 28.3% for severe ROP (P <.05), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found only gestational age has a significant effect on the incidence of ROP and severe ROP. Conclusions: From 2004 to 2018, the incidence of ROP and severe ROP in ELBW infants in South China was 50.7% and 29.9%, respectively. Controlling for the other risk factors, only gestational age was statistically associated with ROP in ELBW infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to determine the characteristics associated with the success of alien species. However, there is no universal syndrome of invasion reproductive characteristics to explain the success of invasiveness has not been identified. Comparative studies on congeneric successful or non‐successful alien species are beneficial for revealing the drivers of invasion success and predicting future distributions. Reproductive biological characteristics, including the mating system, phenology of flowering, floral syndrome, pollination biology and seed germination have been investigated in the invasive Coreopsis lanceolata and non‐successful congener alien species Coreopsis tinctoria. The results revealed that C. lanceolata significantly attracted insect visitors by 11.67 times more than its congener, and the corolla density of C. lanceolata was positively correlated with the number of visiting insects. The high attraction of local insect bees Apis cerana guarantees the reproductive success and high seed production of C. lanceolata. Nevertheless, there was no versatile mating system, because its congener non‐successful alien species C. lanceolata still successfully invaded due to the combination strategies of self‐compatibility and presence of rhizomes. Furthermore, the ability of seed germination of C. lanceolata was lower than that of C. tinctoria, especially under drought and Al3+ stress, suggesting that germination performance can serve as a reference indicator. However, this was not an absolute trait for invasiveness. Hence, these germination traits might slow down the invasiveness of C. lanceolata in south China. These present findings highlight that the combination of self‐incompatibility and rhizomes should be given attention in the risk assessment protocols for plant invasiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anhui Province is the most important energy production base for eastern China. Many large pithead coal-fired power plants are being operated in the coal-rich Huainan and Huaibei coalfields in northern Anhui. To assess the environmental risks of local coal-fired power plants, a complete atmospheric emission inventory of F, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb, and U from coal-fired power plants in Anhui was compiled by a simple mass-balance-based method. The results indicated that the atmospheric emissions of F, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb, and U in 2017 from the Anhui coal-fired power plants were 578 t, 2.01 t, 15.3 t, 0.57 t, 0.18 t, 2.80 t, 23.7 t, and 0.099 t, respectively. The emission factor is the major contributor to the uncertainties in this inventory. With increasing energy demand by the more developed eastern China region, the atmospheric emissions of volatile hazardous elements will continue to increase in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern China is a major grain-producing area, but has been suffering from increasingly serious droughts caused by global warming. As a result, crop losses have become serious. To provide insights into these losses, we obtained data to support a systematic and comprehensive analysis of how agricultural drought has caused crop losses from 1961 to 2011 and of the relationship between these changes and the climatic factors responsible for the losses. We found an obvious increase in the loss of crops due to agricultural drought in southern China, with the greatest increase in crop loss in the southwest and smaller increases in the south and southeast. Moreover, because each crop growth stage is affected differently by climatic factors and because the values of these factors show an uneven seasonal distribution, the losses were greatest when changes in various climatic factors occurred during key crop developmental periods. The fittings of the relationship between crop loss and various climatic factors was often strongest based on data from key developmental periods rather than based on data for the whole year. In addition, we found improved prediction of losses using multiple regression, and developed a model for assessing crop losses. Our results provide a scientific reference for developing methods to evaluate the losses caused by agricultural drought in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the countries that is most seriously affected by storm surges. In recent years, storm surges in coastal areas of China have caused huge economic losses and a large number of human casualties. Knowledge of the inundation range and water depth of storm surges under different typhoon intensities could assist predisaster risk assessment and making evacuation plans, as well as provide decision support for responding to storm surges. Taking Pingyang County in Zhejiang Province as a case study area, parameters including typhoon tracks, radius of maximum wind speed, astronomical tide, and upstream flood runoff were determined for different typhoon intensities. Numerical simulations were conducted using these parameters to investigate the inundation range and water depth distribution of storm surges in Pingyang County considering the impact of seawall collapse under five different intensity scenarios (corresponding to minimum central pressure values equal to 915, 925, 935, 945, and 965 hPa). The inundated area ranged from 103.51 to 233.16 km 2 for the most intense typhoon. The proposed method could be easily adopted in various coastal counties and serves as an effective tool for decision-making in storm surge disaster risk reduction practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various types of climate transitional zones on the earth's surface. The East Asian summer monsoon transition zone (EASMTZ) has attracted much attention due to its multiple roles. It is where most of the semi-arid regions locate in China, and semi-arid climate is unstable relative to the arid climate to its north and humid climate to its south. Therefore, EASMTZ is very sensitive to climate changes, and its land-atmosphere interaction (LA-I) is active and crucial. The LA-I is significantly affected by the complex land surface conditions and closely related to the summer monsoon climate dynamics. The LA-I and its response to summer monsoon activities is thus complicated. It includes multi-feedback mechanisms, which involve the land surface thermal-hydrological-ecological couplings, multi-interface exchanges from near surface to the free atmosphere. These feedbacks are sensitive to the summer monsoon activities. Based on a summary of the unique characteristics of EASMTZ and the main research progresses in LA-I in recent years, the issues related to LA-I are discussed in this region. Finally, the key scientific issues faced by the LA-I are proposed, and the future focuses are summarized. This work should help for the future study on the LA-I and its response to summer monsoon activities in the EASMTZ, which should contribute to the understanding of the increasing drought frequency associated with the significant warming trend in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici are devastating diseases that affect wheat production worldwide. The use of disease-resistant genes and cultivars is the most effective means of reducing fungicide applications to combat these diseases. Elymus repens (2n = 6x = 42, StStStStHH) is a potentially useful germplasm of FHB and stripe rust resistance for wheat improvement. Results: Here, we report the development and characterization of two wheat–E. repens lines derived from the progeny of common wheat–E. repens hybrids. Cytological studies indicated that the mean chromosome configuration of K15–1192-2 and K15–1194-2 at meiosis were 2n = 42 = 0.86 I + 17.46 II (ring) + 3.11 II (rod) and 2n = 42 = 2.45 I + 14.17 II (ring) + 5.50 II (rod) + 0.07 III, respectively. Genomic and fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotyping and simple sequence repeats markers revealed that K15–1192-2 was a wheat–E. repens 3D/?St double terminal chromosomal translocation line. Line K15–1194-2 was identified as harboring a pair of 7DS/?StL Robertsonian translocations and one 3D/?St double terminal translocational chromosome. Further analyses using specific expressed sequence tag-SSR markers confirmed that the wheat–E. repens translocations involved the 3St chromatin in both lines. Furthermore, compared with the wheat parent Chuannong16, K15–1192-2 and K15–1194-2 expressed high levels of resistance to FHB and stripe rust pathogens prevalent in China. Conclusions: Thus, this study has determined that the chromosome 3St of E. repens harbors gene(s) highly resistant to FHB and stripe rust, and chromatin of 3St introgressed into wheat chromosomes completely presented the resistance, indicating the feasibility of using these translocation lines as novel material for breeding resistant wheat cultivars and alien gene mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tetraploid Thinopyrum elongatum (2n = 4x = 28) is a promising source of useful genes, including those related to adaptability and resistance to diverse biotic (Fusarium head blight, rust, powdery mildew, and yellow dwarf virus) and abiotic (cold, drought, and salt) stresses. However, gene transfer rates are low for this species and relatively few species-specific molecular markers are available. Results: The wheat-tetraploid Th. elongatum line K17–841-1 derived from a cross between a hexaploid Trititrigia and Sichuan wheat cultivars was characterized based on sequential genomic and fluorescence in situ hybridizations and simple sequence repeat markers. We revealed that K17–841-1 is a 1E (1D) chromosomal substitution line that is highly resistant to stripe rust pathogen strains prevalent in China. By comparing the sequences generated during genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), we obtained 597 specific fragments on the 1E chromosome of tetraploid Th. elongatum. A total of 235 primers were designed and 165 new Th. elongatum-specific markers were developed, with an efficiency of up to 70%. Marker validation analyses indicated that 25 specific markers can discriminate between the tetraploid Th. elongatum chromosomes and the chromosomes of other wheat-related species. An evaluation of the utility of these markers in a F2 breeding population suggested these markers are linked to the stripe rust resistance gene on chromosome 1E. Furthermore, 28 markers are unique to diploid Th. elongatum, tetraploid Th. elongatum, or decaploid Thinopyrum ponticum, which carry the E genome. Finally, 48 and 74 markers revealed polymorphisms between Thinopyrum E-genome- containing species and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Eb) and Pseudoroegneria libanotica (St), respectively. Conclusions: This new substitution line provide appropriate bridge–breeding–materials for alien gene introgression to improve wheat stripe rust resistance. The markers developed using GBS technology in this study may be useful for the high-throughput and accurate detection of tetraploid Th. elongatum DNA in diverse materials. They may also be relevant for investigating the genetic differences and phylogenetic relationships among E, Eb, St, and other closely-related genomes and for further characterizing these complex species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East Asian summer monsoon transition zone (EASMTZ) is a narrow belt-shaped region in northern China, where the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) transits to the mid-latitude westerlies. Existing EASM intensity indices have difficulties in reflecting the summer monsoon activity in EASMTZ. Therefore, as a complement to EASM index, the humidity index (HI) is constructed based on specific humidity threshold that can describe the seasonal migration of EASM, considering both its northward extent and temporal duration in the EASMTZ. The proposed HI, which captures the leading mode of summer rainfall in China, can provide reliable measurement of the atmosphere humidity associated with summer monsoon in the EASMTZ. HI is closely related to the significant anomalies in western Pacific subtropical high and East Asian subtropical westerly jet, which control the summer monsoon moisture transported into the EASMTZ. These circulation anomalies are linked to ENSO. Correlation analyses show that a high (low) HI tends to occur during the cold (warm) phase of ENSO, accompanied by a warm-to-cold (cold-to-warm) phase transition. There are two possible mechanisms that are responsible for the linkage between HI and ENSO. One is the upper-level zonal wind anomaly wave trains which transfers ENSO-related zonal wind anomaly northwards into EASMTZ through thermal wind balance and Eddy-driven mean meridional circulation. The other involves the Indian summer monsoon and mid-latitude circumglobal teleconnection. ENSO may exert influences on the humidity in EASMTZ via Indian summer monsoon and circumglobal teleconnection when the interaction between Indian summer monsoon and ENSO is active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing risk of coastal disasters and climate change, the traditional gray sea dikes may become unsustainable. Coastal wetlands provide natural protection for shoreline areas and have wave attenuation capacities as green dikes. In this study, we developed a new assessment approach to evaluate comprehensive dike risk for coastal gray-green defense systems, based on the dike characters and the wave attenuation capacity of coastal wetlands for the Chongming Island. The risk assessment system consists of nine indicators of dike constructure standards, dike-top height, land subsidence, wetland vegetation width, wave attenuation capacity of vegetation, mean high water level, storm frequency, rain intensity, and annual rainfall, to determine the dike risk index (RI). The information of dike and meteorological conditions were obtained by carrying out a field survey and referring to construction bulletins and domestic statistical yearbooks. The wave attenuation effect of wetland vegetation was characterized by plant morphology and seasonality. The results indicated that, without the coastal wetland indicators, the RI values of most parts of the dike ring of the island were high. The high-risk regions were mainly located in the south and north shores, consisting of several old dikes that did not meet the constructure standard. The risk level was higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring, due to seasonal variations (typhoon or storm frequency and intensity). When the coastal wetland indicators were included, the presence of coastal wetland vegetation reduced the dike RI values by an average of 13.6% around the Chongming Island. During the flourishing periods of the vegetation, a high rate of wave attenuation reduced the RI levels considerably. We provide a reliable framework to carry out large-scale and high-resolution dike risk assessment to be applied for wetland vegetation restoration, green dike construction, and risk management in coastal areas. • A dike risk assessment method was established for coastal gray-green defense system. • Wetland vegetation width and wave attenuation are embedded into risk assessment. • Wave attenuation of wetland are characterized by vegetation types and seasonality. • Framework carried out spatiotemporal and high-resolution dike risk assessment. • We discussed green dike management strategies for the Chongming Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated carrots can be divided into eastern and western types. Much evidence supports the idea that eastern carrots originated in Central Asia, while varying opinions exist on the origin of western carrots, especially orange varieties, and the origin of Chinese orange carrots remains unclear. In this study, we used 119 carrot accessions to investigate the relationship between Chinese carrots and western orange varieties (Western orange) using morphology and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The results demonstrate that Chinese carrots are eastern-type and maintain the primitive traits of strong and pubescent leaves, and early flowering. Despite being morphologically similar, the STRUCTURE and phylogenetic analysis based on SSR markers indicated that Western orange were clearly separated from Chinese carrots. These findings, in conjunction with historical documents suggesting that the first Chinese carrots seem to be yellow, suggest that Chinese orange were derived from Chinese red according to the mixed distribution of red and orange accessions. These results suggest that Chinese orange carrots may have undergone a specific, independent process different from that of Western orange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ediacaran period was critical in the evolution of the biosphere and ocean in the history of the Earth. Shales rich in organic matter (OM) are well developed for this period in the Yangtze Block, China, and have recently been related to shale gas exploration in South China. To date, detailed characterisation of the Ediacaran shales is not available. The present work sets out a detailed investigation of the composition and pore characteristics of samples from a shallow drill core in the Ediacaran Lantian Formation in the Lower Yangtze area, and the effects of shale composition on the pore growth are discussed. The 90-m-thick Lantian black shales are highly over-mature (equivalent vitrinite reflectance (EVRo) value approximately 4.0%) with a total organic carbon (TOC) content up to 12%. They are dominated by quartz (33–72%), generally with low clay or feldspar content (<20%) and highly varied carbonate content (up to 60%). The Lantian shales are also notable for their high pyrite content (up to 19%), suggesting a depositional environment of an anoxic water body rich in sulphates; greatly enriched OM is facilitated in deep-water environments. Bulk porosities of the shales range from 1.0% to 7.9%, and are positively correlated with TOC content. High-magnification scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images support the crucial importance of OM content on pore development. Generally, pore volume shows excellent, positive correlation with TOC content for micropores, good correlation for mesopores, and relatively poor correlation for macropores. Two samples with mostly high TOC content showed very low macropore volume and medium mesopore volume. These results suggest a close relationship between OM with relatively small pores, and enhanced compaction effect on large pores in highly OM-enriched shales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure the sort tissue of the alar base and the piriform aperture area of the maxillary bone of unilateral cleft lips with secondary nasal deformities when secondary operation are necessary to classify the alar base depression and to provide a clinical reference for the second surgery. Methods: Twenty-six patients with unilateral cleft lip with secondary nasal deformity were treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medial University. Nose data were attained preoperatively and postoperatively. Correlations were made between the soft tissue and the bony depression and patient satisfaction with the nasi basis. Classifications were then made based on these data. Results: When the distance discrepancy of the bilateral piriform aperture depression was less than 4.5 mm, we obtained a fine appearance for the nose by repairing only the sort tissues. When it was more than 5 mm, we had to combine repair of the sort tissue with a bone graft or the restitution of the alveolar cleft. When the distance was between 4.5 mm and 5 mm, the surgeon considered both the wishes of the patient and the clinic's standard procedure. Conclusions: For patients with cleft lips and palates, the bony depression was not the only factor that resulted in postoperative alar depression. Anthropometry of the nose prior to surgery was important for choosing the methods that would yield satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observation stations of Northern China are divided into three regions: the arid Northwest China, the Loess Plateau, and the cool Northeast China. The consistencies, differences, and associated mechanisms of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes among the three regions were studied based on the normalization of major variables of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes, using data collected during prevailing summer monsoon period (July and August, 2008). It is shown that differences of surface thermal-hydrologic processes are remarkable among the three regions because of different impacts of summer monsoon. Especially their soil wet layers occur at different depths, and the average albedo and its diurnal variations are distinctly different. Surface net short-wave radiation in the Loess Plateau is close to that in the cool Northeast China, but its surface net long-wave radiation is close to that in the arid Northwest China. And the ratio of net radiation to global solar radiation in the cool Northeast China is higher than the other two regions, though its temperature is lower. There are obvious regional differences in the ratios of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes to net radiation for the three regions because of distinct contribution of sensible and latent heat fluxesto land surface energy balance. The three regions are markedly different in the ratio of water vapor flux to pan evaporation, but they are consistent in the ratio of water vapor flux to precipitation. These results not only indicate different influences of climate and environmental factors on land surface thermal-hydrologic processes in the three regions, but also show that summer monsoon is important in the formation and variation of the pattern of land surface thermal-hydrologic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • This study reveals the core bacteria related to volatile compounds in the traditional Chinese condiment red sour soup (RSS). • The two-stage fermentation strategy contributed to the generation of volatile substances in RSS. • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were the core bacteria in RSS during fermentation. • Esters were dominant in RSS, as detected by gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). • The reason for the diversity of volatile compounds could be the coexistence of a variety of LAB in the second fermentation stage. Red sour soup (RSS) is a traditional fermented seasoning used by people in Guizhou Province, China. The volatile compounds were detected by gas chromatography ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), while the bacterial community compositions were revealed by 16S sequencing. A total of 70 volatile substances were assessed, and esters, terpenes, and alcohols played a dominant role in RSS. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were dominant in the microbial community. During fermentation, multiple volatile flavour substances and various LAB were mainly derived from the secondary fermentation stage. The core bacteria with an important influence on volatile flavour substances were analysed by the Mantel test, identifying Bacteroides , Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , Enterobacteriaceae, Pantoea , Clostridium , Enterobacter , unclassified genera, Caproiciproducens , Nitriliruptoraceae, Halomonas , Bradyrhizobium , Pediococcus , Caulobacteraceae, Weissella , Ligilactobacillus , and Levilactobacillus and et al.. This study provides us with useful information about flavour-generating bacteria among RSS fermentation periods. The abundances of these bacteria may be controlled to enrich the desired flavour metabolites while eliminating unwanted metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tree species shaped dominant microbes and soil microbial community. • Deciduous property shaped dominant microbes and soil bacterial community. • Leaf shape groups had same dominant fungi and similar soil microbial community. This study was performed to investigate whether visible properties of trees species (leaf shape and deciduous property) exhibit strong effects on soil microbial community (SMC). Herein, forest soil and leaves were collected from six pure planted forests of City Forestry Demonstration Base at Harbin, northeast China. These forest stands included Pinus tabuliformis Carr. var. mukdensis Uyeki, P. sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litv, Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen, Betula platyphylla Suk, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, and Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. The clean soil samples combined with the leaves were incubated in vitro to simulate the degradation of leaves. Analysis of soil fungal microbial community (SFC) and soil bacterial community (SBC) structures by soil fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing resulted that tree species could shape the microbial relative abundance, dominant microbial operational taxonomic unit (OTU), and even SMC structure. Further, analysis on SMCs was performed to test our hypothesis that SFC and SBC structures were correlated with leaf shape (needle or broad) and deciduous property (evergreen or deciduous). Our findings accepted the partial hypothesis that dominant fungal OTUs were sensitive to leaf shape and deciduous property, but could not alter the SFC structure (p > 0.05). A dominant bacterial OTU and not significantly different SBC structure was shared by the leaf shape groups (r = 0.1694, p = 0.0250); while deciduous property determined the dominant bacterial OTU and SBC structure (r = 0.4743, p = 0.0030). The present study provides an insight into the effects of visible properties of tree species on SMC structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the narrow genetic variability of hexaploid triticale, introgressive hybridization is an efficient means to enrich the available genetic pool. The wheat D-genome chromosomes harbor valuable genes for triticale improvement, such as enhancement of biotic and abiotic stress resistance, bread baking quality, and agronomically useful characters. Introducing the wheat D-genome chromosome into triticale may thus improve its agronomic performance and quality. In the present study, we successfully developed the six hexaploid triticale D-genome chromosome introgression lines derived from wheat–rye–Psathyrostachys huashanica trigeneric hybrids. Genomic and fluorescence in situ hybridization (GISH and FISH) karyotyping revealed that K16-4173-3, K16-1565-6, K16-1565-7, and K16-601-1 were 2D(2R), 3D(3B), 3D, 5D(3B, 5R), and 5D(5B) chromosome substitution lines, respectively. K16-4121-3 was found to be a disomic chromosome addition line having a pair of 6D chromosomes. In addition, line K16-1566-4 carried 28 A- and B-genome, 12 R-genome (lacking two 4Rs), two 4D, and two 7D chromosomes. Analysis of these lines using wheat simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and rye specific molecular markers confirmed that corresponding triticale B or R chromosomes had been replaced by D chromosomes of wheat, an observation perfectly consistent with the FISH and GISH results. Furthermore, these lines except for K16-601-1 were highly resistant to the stripe rust pathogen prevalent in China, than Zhongsi828 plants at the adult stages. Our data suggest that the use of trigeneric hybrids as a bridge between triticale and amphiploid wild-wheat forms is an effect strategy for transferring D-genome chromatin into triticale from other breeding programs. The triticale D-genome introgression lines created in this study may serve as new bridging germplasm for hexaploid triticale breeding and should likewise be useful for enhancing triticale genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study revealed the fungal diversity of sour soup by Illumina Miseq Sequencing. • Each sample had a unique fungal community. • Ascomycota was the core fungal phylum in sour soup production. • There are latent pathogens in the sour soup, which needs to be further controlled. Sour soup is a traditional condiment in Guizhou Province, China. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the fungi present in 5 types of sour soup (tomato sour soup, chili sour soup, cherry tomato sour soup, spoiled tomato sour soup, and red sour soup made from blended tomato and chili sour soup subjected to secondary fermentation) and to determine the reasons for the deterioration of tomato sour soup by comparing the fungal communities in normal and deteriorated tomato sour soup. A total of 5 phyla were detected in all 5 samples, including Ascomycota (69.38%), Basidiomycota (7.63%), Zygomycota (1.59%), Chytridiomycota (0.01%) and unclassified phyla (21.39%). Ascomycota was the main phylum in each sample except the red sour soup made from blended tomato and chili sour soup subjected to secondary fermentation. That sour soup contained many unrecognized phyla. At the genus level, there were major differences among the different samples. Dekkera spp. and Pichia spp. were the main dominant fungus in tomato sour soup, Saccharomyces spp. and Pichia spp. were the dominant fungus in chili sour soup, and Pichia spp. were the dominant fungus in cherry tomato sour soup. When sour soup went bad, the fungus of sour soup changed greatly, and the unknown fungal genera, Cladospora spp., Saccharomyces spp. and Emericella spp. became the dominant fungal genera. In addition, after the secondary fermentation of tomato and chili sour soup mixed with garlic and ginger, the fungal genera of the base fermentation were replaced by unknown fungal genera. Moreover, there were various spoilage fungi in sour soup, which indicated that there were safety risks in naturally fermented sour soup and should be further controlled. This study revealed the fungal flora in sour soup made from different vegetables and compared the fungal diversity of spoiled and normal tomato sour soup and thereby provided a basis for understanding the fungal diversity of sour soup in China and guiding the production of sour soup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guide Basin is a potential site for enhanced geothermal system development in China. The optimal strategy is needed to maximize heat production potential and provide support for the future stimulation design. In this work, sensitivity analysis of influence factors on water flow path, production water temperature, and flow impedance is performed on the basis of hydraulic–thermal model of Guide Basin. The factors include reservoir parameters (length, width, height, permeability, and temperature) and operation parameters (injection rate, injection temperature, open hole length, and height difference of open hole). Results indicate that the main affecting factors of water flow path are stimulated reservoir permeability and injection rate. The most significant influencing factor of flow impedance is stimulated reservoir permeability. Reservoir geometry has the greatest influence on production water temperature. The stable period of production water temperature is mainly affected by reservoir geometry and the height difference of open hole. In the theoretically optimal strategy, the electrical powers of 150, 400, and 450 kg/s are 12.3, 32.7–33.3, and 36.2–37.6 MW, respectively. In the practically optimal strategy, the maximum injection rate is 80 kg/s and electrical power ranges from 0 to 1.25 MW. For future applications, the shallow reservoirs with high temperature are expected. Image 104214 • Nine influencing factors of heat performance are numerically investigated. • Reservoir geometry has the greatest influence on production water temperature. • The affecting factors of water flow path are determined. • The effects of the length and location of open hole are considered. • Optimal system attains an electric power of 36.2–37.6 MW and a flow rate of 450 kg/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sand physico-chemical properties exhibited distinct changes across the intertidal zones on island beaches. • Consistent patterns of variation were observed in macrofaunal diversity and functional groups across the intertidal zones. • Variations in macrofaunal communities on island beaches were primarily influenced by sand moisture, salinity, and nutrition. • Island beaches are not ecological deserts, they require careful protection. Island beaches, once mistakenly considered as 'ecological deserts', are actually unique ecosystems that support abundant macrofaunal communities. However, limited studies have examined the variations and determinants of macrofaunal communities across the intertidal zones on island beaches, which is crucial for shedding light on the underlying ecological processes and enhancing biodiversity conservation efforts. Here, we explored the variations in macrofaunal communities along sand physico-chemical gradient across four intertidal zones on nine representative beaches, within the largest land-bridge archipelago in eastern China. Our findings revealed that species richness, density, and Shannon-Wiener diversity of macrofaunal communities were notably higher in the lower intertidal zones, exhibiting a positive correlation with elevated levels of sand moisture (M), electrical conductivity (EC), available potassium (AK), and grain size (GS). Conversely, macrofaunal Simpson diversity displayed an inverse pattern, with heightened values observed in the vegetation zone. The Saprophagous, Predaceous, and Omnivorous groups of macrofaunal communities demonstrated an increase with higher levels of EC, AK, and M in the lower intertidal zones. Furthermore, Phytophagous group of macrofaunal communities tended to inhabit the vegetation zones characterized by elevated levels of sand total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and organic carbon (OC). Primarily, our findings indicate that sand nutrition, moisture, and salinity play pivotal roles in shaping the variations of macrofaunal communities on island beaches. These insights offer valuable perspectives into the holistic responses of macrofauna on island beaches to changes in sand physico-chemical properties, serving as a crucial theoretical foundation for the assessment, conservation, and restoration of island beaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Although much research has been conducted on regulated deficit irrigation, there is little research on the regulated deficit irrigation of apple trees under the special irrigation method of surge-root irrigation in the Loess Plateau of China. • The water consumption of apple trees is higher than that of ordinary crops, and the water demand during the different growth periods is inflexible. • The main irrigation method employed in this region is flood irrigation, and the water use efficiency is low. • An appropriate irrigation system is urgently required to improve the water use efficiency of apple trees in this region. • This study investigated the response of the fruit quality, fruit yield, and water use efficiency to regulated deficit irrigation during the different growth stages of apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) in the Loess Plateau of northern China, to determine the optimal water deficit period of apple trees to provide a scientific basis for water management and the precise irrigation of apple trees. This study investigated the response of the fruit quality, fruit yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) during the different growth stages of apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) in the Loess Plateau of northern China. Different water deficit treatments were applied in 2016 and 2017 on a field planted with 5-year-old apple trees. The treatments included low (L), moderate (M), and severe (S) water deficit treatments during the bud burst to leafing (I), flowering to fruit set (II), and fruit growth (III) stages. Compared with full irrigation (FI), water deficit treatment during the different growth stages had significant effects on the fruit quality, fruit yield, and WUE of the apple trees. The L and M water deficit treatments during stage III significantly reduced the apple yield by 10.89% and 13.46% in 2016 and 3.66% and 10.10% in 2017, respectively. A water deficit during stage III decreased the single fruit weight, excellent-fruit percentage, and fruit water content by 2.79%–11.31%, 15.24%–20.36%, and 4.26%–10.07%, respectively, and increased fruit firmness, soluble solid content, and soluble reducing sugar content by 12.70%–21.31%, 13.83%–33.60%, and 10.13%–21.48%, respectively. The L and M water deficit treatments applied during stage I resulted in apple quality and yield that were similar to those resulting from the FI treatment, but the WUE was significantly higher in the L and M water deficit treatments than in the FI treatment. The optimal period for water deficit treatment is stage II, during which the highest yield and WUE were found. The L and M treatments during stage II increased the fruit yield by 13.93% and 13.28% in 2016 and 17.94% and 17.13% in 2017, respectively. The WUE of the apple trees was higher with the I I-L and I I-M treatments (greater than 7 kg m−3) than with other treatments. In addition, water deficit treatment during stage II caused a slight increase in fruit firmness and a slight decrease in fruit water content, which produces apples suitable for storage. Single fruit weight, excellent-fruit percentage, and soluble solid and soluble reducing sugar content were significantly improved, making the apples sweeter; thus, a water deficit during stage II had a significant positive effect on apple quality, with the I I-M treatment being optimal and the II-L treatment being second best. The optimal water deficit treatment of the II-M treatment enhances the fruit quality, yield, and WUE of apple trees in water-scarce environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Spring tide amplifies more than neap tide in Qiantang Estuary. • Tidal dynamics is strongly influenced by morphological evolution. • A conceptual model of river-tide-morphology interaction is proposed. Understanding tidal dynamics in estuaries is essential for tidal predictions and assessments of sediment transport and associated morphological changes. Most studies on river-tide interaction ignored the influences of morphological evolutions under natural conditions such as the seasonal and interannual variations of river discharge. This study analyzes the multiple-timescale tidal dynamics in the Qiantang Estuary, a macro-tidal estuary in China with an extremely active morphological evolution. A large dataset including water levels at representative stations, river discharges and bathymetries since 1980 has been collected. The results of the analysis show that within a spring-neap cycle, the tidal amplification in the upper estuary is stronger during spring tide than during neap tide. This unexpected behavior is due to the high sediment concentration and the unique longitudinal profile of the estuary. On the seasonal and interannual timescales, the low water levels in the upper estuary depend on the local bathymetrical conditions. Tidal ranges in the upper estuary are larger in the high flow season and years, than in the low flow season and years, due to the erosion at high flow, in contrast to estuaries with less active morphological changes. During low flow season and years, the bed is gradually recovered, the low waters are elevated, and the tidal ranges decrease accordingly. A good relationship exists between the tidal ranges and the depth of the upper estuary. In the lower estuary, the flood dominance increases continuously due to embankment. In the upper estuary, the flood dominance is increased during the high flow periods, explaining the fast sediment input and bed recovery in the post high flow periods. A conceptual model of river-tide-morphology interaction of the estuary is proposed, which is also applicable for other shallow systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ESP-FLUS model is developed to predict the urban growth and delineate the urban growth boundaries with a comprehensive consideration of ecological protection. • Random forest coupled with Gini importance are applied to identify the driving forces of land use change. • Urban growth simulation and urban growth boundaries delineation are conducted under different scenarios. • Local master plans and national policies are considered in advancing the optimal urban growth scenario. Delineating urban growth boundaries (UGBs) has been proved as an effective approach to constrain urban encroachment and achieve sustainable urban development. However, so far, many studies have not fully taken account of the ecosystem integrity in simulating the urban growth as well as the corresponding UGBs delineation. To bridge this research gap, this paper proposes an ESP-FLUS model to predict the future land use pattern with a comprehensive consideration of ecological protection. In this paper, on the one hand, the ecological security pattern (ESP) is integrated from four ecological aspects (i.e., hydrology, geology, biodiversity, and recreation) and classified into three levels (i.e., basic ESP, intermediate ESP, and optimal ESP). On the other hand, drawing on historical records, random forest coupled with Gini importance are applied to identify the driving factors in shaping the land use variation. Taking the classified ESP as the spatial constraint allied with the identified driving factors into a FLUS model, this paper predicts the urban growth in 2035 in a multi-scenario manner. By analysing the multi-scenario simulation results at both region and district levels, the possible urban planning option under the requirements of local master plans is suggested for sustainable urban development. Against a backdrop of an increasingly severe environmental crisis, this paper develops a new research paradigm to incorporate ESP into UGBs delineation as a way to shed light for urban planners on reaching the balance between eco-environment protection and socio-economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Mengtuo lignite is significantly enriched in Sb, Cs, and W. • Trace element enrichment in the Mengtuo Basin is a source rock-controlled type. • The significantly positive Ce anomaly is derived from local Lincang granite. The Mengtuo Basin is proximal to the Bangmai Basin, which holds the world-class coal-hosted Ge deposit and shares the same sediment material provenance as the Lincang batholith. Herein, the mineralogy and geochemistry of Neogene Mengtuo lignite were reanalyzed using supplementary data on major element oxides and minerals. The results indicated that Mengtuo lignite is a medium-ash lignite A. The minerals in lignite are composed of quartz, kaolinite, illite, chamosite, bassanite, and rutile. Compared to common Chinese coals, Mengtuo lignite is significantly enriched in Sb, Cs, and W, enriched in Rb and U, and slightly enriched in Be, As, Cd, Bi, and Th. The rare earth elements plus yttrium (REY) are characterized by significantly positive Ce and Gd anomalies and negative Eu anomalies. A positive Ce anomaly is inherited from the sediment source material. The local Lincang granite around the Mengtuo Basin dominates the mineralogy and geochemistry of lignite and carbonaceous mudstone. Because of the lack of hydrothermal fluids, an indispensable condition for Ge mineralization in the Mengtuo Basin, a large-scale coal-hosted Ge deposit cannot be discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the geochemical characteristics of thermally-altered coals formed by igneous intrusion, a series of roof and floor mudstone, thermally-altered coal, and igneous rock samples were collected from a representative borehole profile of the Pansan No. 4-2 coals of the Huainan Coalfield, Anhui Province, Eastern China. Furthermore, seven unaltered coal samples from the same coalbed were collected from seven coal mines of the Huainan Coalfield for comparison. The minerals were analyzed using X-ray diffractometry and optical microscopy. The major element oxides and trace elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ICP-MS with collision/reaction cell technology, an ion-selective electrode (ISE), and a DMA-80 mercury analyzer. The results indicate that kaolinite and quartz are the dominant minerals in the thermally-altered coals, and pyrite is dominant at the contact zone between the thermally-altered coal and igneous rock. The unaltered Huainan No. 4-2 coals were slightly enriched in only Cr, Se, and W compared to the Chinese coals. However, the thermally-altered coals were slightly enriched in F and V and depleted in Co, Ni, Hg, Sb, Zn, and W compared to the Chinese coals. Although the igneous intrusion reached a thickness of 1.97 m, it had a limited effect on the trace elements of terrigenous origin, i.e., Li, F, Sr, Sn, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cs, Sc, Ga, Rb, Zr, Nb, Ag, Cd, In, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Th, U, and rare earth elements and Y (REY). Contact metamorphism resulted the devolatilization and redeposition of coal organic matter, which increased the Be and Ge concentrations of the thermally-altered coals adjacent to the intrusion. Copper, As, Sb, Tl, and Bi were transported by the igneous intrusion and redeposited in the thermally-altered coals. The coals were almost completely stripped of Zn, Se, Mo, Pb, and Hg by the igneous intrusion. • A full geochemical information on trace elements in Huainan coals was presented. • New cases of geochemical response of coal to igneous intrusion were added. • Zn, Se, Mo, Pb, and Hg in coals were completely driven away by igneous intrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geochemistry of source rock–controlled coals from the Late Triassic Daqiaodi Formation in the Dabaoding Coal Mine of the southwestern Sichuan Province was investigated. A total of 15 coal samples, 6 parting samples, and 4 roof and floor rock samples from the D15–3 and D18 coals were subjected to proximate and ultimate analyses for coal quality, by using LTA-XRD with Siroquant software for minerals, XRF for major element oxides, ICP-MS for trace elements, ICP-CCT-MS for As and Se, ISE for F, and a DMA-80 analyzer for Hg. Results indicate that the Dabaoding D15–3 and D18 coals are classified as low ash and low-volatile bituminous coal. Minerals in coals are dominated by quartz, kaolinite, illite, and dolomite. Most trace elements in the Dabaoding coals are depleted or at normal levels relative to Chinese coals or world hard coals (except for Cr with slight enrichment). The Dabaoding coals and host rocks are characterized by weakly positive Ce and Y anomalies, strongly positive Gd anomalies, and weakly negative Eu anomalies. Based on paleogeographical, mineralogical, and geochemical evidence, the sediment source rocks of the Daqiaodi coal-bearing strata are identified as the Panzhihua trachyte at the top of the Kangdian Upland, which exerted crucial impacts on the Dabaoding coals. • The mineralogy and geochemistry of Panzhihua coals are investigated. • Source rock exerted crucial impacts on mineralogy and geochemistry of coals. • The local Panzhihua trachyte was identified as the sediment source rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Examined seasonal & interannual variations of energy and ET in semiarid grassland. • P controlled energy partitioning through changes in SWC and vegetation. • Identified environmental and biological drivers responsible for controlling ET. • Quantified the annual threshold of Gs that affect ET over semiarid grasslands. • ET was influenced by Gs when the values are lower than the threshold values. Estimating seasonal and interannual variations in energy partitioning and actual evapotranspiration (ET) distributions in semiarid grasslands is essential for improving the understanding of interactions between the land and atmosphere, and is useful for land surface parameterization in grasslands of the Loess Plateau. In this study, energy fluxes and ET values over a semiarid grassland site and their environmental and biological controls were investigated over multiple years (2007–2012) using the eddy covariance method. The seasonal and interannual variations in the partitioning of the net radiation (R n) into sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes were primarily controlled by precipitation through changes in the soil water content (SWC) and vegetation growth. During relatively wet and warm periods, LE was the dominant component of the energy balance, whereas H was the dominant component of energy partitioning in dry periods. Annual ET was higher than annual P (except in 2007), with a better closure of surface energy balance during the drier years. The total annual ET and its daily maximum varied from 278.2 to 460.3 mm and from 3.45 to 4.95 mm day−1, respectively. The daily Priestley-Taylor coefficient (ET / ET eq , where ET eq is the equilibrium evaporation) decreased sharply when the SWC in the 5-cm soil layer decreased below 0.15 m3 m-3 during the growing seasons. The average ET for sixteen days was linearly correlated with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). ET / ET eq increased nonlinearly with an increase in Gs but was insensitive to the increases in Gs greater than 6.52 mm s−1 in the driest year (2011) and 9.17 mm s−1 in the wettest year (2007). Additionally, there is good correlation between the threshold of Gs and the annual mean NDVI. On an annual scale, the low G s (3.07-6.77 mm s−1), ET / ET eq (0.28-0.42), and higher Bowen ratio (β) (2.07–4.19) collectively represented the overall water-limited conditions for ET in the semiarid grassland of the Loess Plateau. Our data indicate that ET and its biophysical controls vary in response to interannual changes in annual P. These results contribute to an understanding of the driving mechanisms for long-term variations in energy partitioning and biophysical controls on ET in the Loess Plateau of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wheat is one of major sources of human cadmium (Cd) intake. Reducing the grain Cd concentrations in wheat is urgently required to ensure food security and human health. In this study, we performed a field experiment at Wenjiang experimental field of Sichuan Agricultural University (Chengdu, China) to reveal the effects of FeCl 3 and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 on reducing grain Cd concentrations in dwarf Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum L., 2n = 4x = 28, AABB)., Results: Soil application of FeCl 3 and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (0.04 M Fe 3+ /m 2 ) significantly reduced grain Cd concentration in DPW at maturity by 19.04% and 33.33%, respectively. They did not reduce Cd uptake or root-to-shoot Cd translocation, but increased Cd distribution in lower leaves, lower internodes, and glumes. Meanwhile, application of FeCl 3 and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 up-regulated the expression of TpNRAMP5, TpNRAMP2 and TpYSL15 in roots, and TpYSL15 and TpZIP3 in shoots; they also downregulated the expression of TpZIP1 and TpZIP3 in roots, and TpIRT1 and TpNRAMP5 in shoots., Conclusions: The reduction in grain Cd concentration caused by application of FeCl 3 and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 was resulted from changes in shoot Cd distribution via regulating the expression of some metal transporter genes. Overall, this study reports the physiological pathways of soil applied Fe fertilizer on grain Cd concentration in wheat, suggests a strategy for reducing grain Cd concentration by altering shoot Cd distribution., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Island coastal zones are often mistakenly perceived as "ecological desert". Actually, they harbour unique communities of organisms. The biodiversity on islands is primarily influenced by the effects of area and isolation (distance from the mainland), which mainly focused on plants and animals, encompassing studies of entire islands. However, the application of area and isolation effects to soil microorganisms on island beaches across the intertidal zones remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized that island area and isolation shape soil bacterial communities by regulating soil properties on island beaches, due to the fact that local soil properties might be strongly influenced by land-use, which may vary among islands of different sizes and isolations. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a study on 108 plots spanning 4 intertidal zones on 9 representative island beaches within Zhoushan Archipelago, eastern China. We employed one-way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test to assess the differences in diversity, composition of soil bacterial communities and soil properties among intertidal zones. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to examine the direct and indirect impacts of beach area and isolation on soil bacterial communities. Our findings revealed that the area and isolation did not significantly influence soil bacterial diversity and the relative abundance of dominant soil bacterial phyla. However, soil nitrogen (soil N), phosphorus (soil P), organic carbon (SOC), available potassium content (soil AK), and electrical conductivity (soil EC) showed significant increases with the area and isolation. As the tidal gradient increased on beaches, soil bacterial OTU richness, Chao 1, and relative abundance of Planctomycetota and Crenarchaeota decreased, while relative abundance of other soil bacterial phyla increased. We found that influences of island area and isolation shape soil bacterial communities on beaches by regulating soil properties, particularly soil moisture, salinity, and nutrients, all of which are also influenced by area and isolation. Island with larger areas and in lower intertidal zones, characterized by higher soil water content (SWC), soil EC, and soil AK, exhibited greater soil bacterial diversity and fewer dominant soil bacterial phyla. Conversely, in the higher intertidal zones with vegetation containing higher soil N and SOC, lower soil bacterial diversity and more dominant soil bacterial phyla were observed. These findings have the potential to enhance our new understanding of how island biogeography in interpreting island biome patterns., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In rice-vegetable rotation systems in tropical areas, a large amount of nitrate nitrogen accumulates after fertilization in the melon and vegetable season, which leads to the leaching of nitrate nitrogen and a large amount of N 2 O emission after the seasonal flooding of rice, which leads to nitrogen loss and intensification of the greenhouse effect. How to improve the utilization rate of nitrate nitrogen and reduce N 2 O emissions has become an urgent problem to be solved. Six treatments were set up [200 mg·kg -1 KNO 3 (CK); 200 mg·kg -1 KNO 3 + 2% biochar addition (B); 200 mg·kg -1 KNO 3 +1% peanut straw addition (P); 200 mg·kg -1 KNO 3 + 2% biochar + 1% peanut straw addition (P+B); 200 mg·kg -1 KNO 3 + 1% rice straw addition (R); 200 mg·kg -1 KNO 3 + 2% biochar+1% rice straw addition (R+B)] and cultured at 25℃ for 114 d to explore the effects of organic material addition on greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen use after flooding in high nitrate nitrogen soil. The results showed that compared with that in CK, adding straw or combining straw with biochar significantly increased soil pH ( P <0.05). The B and P treatments significantly increased the cumulative N 2 O emissions by 41.6% and 28.5% ( P <0.05), and the P+B, R, and R+B treatments significantly decreased the cumulative N 2 O emissions by 14.1%, 24.7%, and 36.7% ( P <0.05), respectively. The addition of straw increased the net warming potential of greenhouse gases (NGWP). The addition of coir biochar significantly reduced the effect of straw on NGWP ( P <0.05). The combined application of straw and biochar decreased NGWP, and P+B significantly decreased NGWP, but that with R+B was not significant ( P >0.05). Adding straw or biochar significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) ( P <0.05), and that of P+B was the highest (502.26 mg·kg -1 ). The combined application of straw and biochar increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and that of P+B was the highest. The N 2 O emission flux was negatively correlated with pH ( P <0.01) and positively correlated with NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -N ( P <0.01). The cumulative emission of N 2 O was negatively correlated with MBN ( P <0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between NO 3 - -N and MBN ( P <0.01), indicating that the reduction in NO 3 - -N was likely to be held by microorganisms, and the increase in the microbial hold of NO 3 - -N also reduced N 2 O emission. In conclusion, the combined application of peanut straw and coconut shell biochar could significantly inhibit N 2 O emission and increase soil MBC and MBN, which is a reasonable measure to make full use of nitrogen fertilizer, reduce nitrogen loss, and slow down N 2 O emission after the season of Hainan vegetables.

Heavy metal concentrations represent important pollution evaluation indices, and it is necessary to assess the potential environmental and health risks from heavy metals associated with coking wastes from coking plants. In this study, coking sludge (CS), tar residue (TR), coke powder (CP), and sulfur paste (SP) from three coking plants (Plant A, Plant B, and Plant C) in central, western, and southern Shanxi Province and from soils surrounding Plant A were selected as the research objects, and the distributions of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd, and Cr were determined. The results showed that Cd in the four solid wastes far exceeded the soil background value by a factor of 16~195, and the contents of Pb in TR (three plants) and CS (Plant C) exceeded the soil background values 19.70-, 23.57-, 14.46-, and 12.56-fold, respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils were higher than the background values by factors of 31.18, 8.35, 34.79, 29.48, and 3.43, respectively. In addition, the Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr in the four solid wastes and soils mainly existed in the residual state. As depth increased, the overall Ni, Pb, Mn, and Cd concentrations in soils increased. The high ecological risks associated with the four solid wastes were mainly due to the enrichment of Cd. Workers in coking plants face certain Cr health risks. This study provides theoretical support for the coking industry with respect to the treatment, disposal, and management of solid wastes., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Due to the long-term disturbance of human activities, natural habitats in the high-intensity development areas have been seriously degraded, causing serious threat to local biodiversity. The conservation efficiency of natural reserves in these regions needs to be improved urgently. Scientific evaluation of conservation efficiency of nature reserves and identification of biodiversity conservation hotspots and conservation gaps in high-intensity development areas are of great significance to sustainable development of urbanization. With birds as the indicator group for biodiversity, we used MaxEnt and InVEST models to calculate the hot spots of bird diversity and habitat quality, and compared with current boundaries of protected areas in Tianjin to accurately identify the conservation gaps. The results showed that 228 bird species belonging to 54 families and 19 orders were recorded. All kinds of natural and artificial wetlands in the coastal area were the most suitable habitats for birds, accounting for 66.8% of bird diversity hotspots in Tianjin, and the artificial wetlands of reservoirs and fish ponds had high suitability as bird habitats due to sufficient food sources, which indicated that moderate anthropogenic interference would improve species diversity. The coverage rate of protected areas for bird diversity hotspots was only 37.7% in Tianjin, which indicated a serious conservation gap. The gaps mainly included wetlands in Dashentang and Lin'gang areas, the river junction and the estuary wetland, which should be planned as the key protected areas in the future. The method of collaborative analysis of the two models could improve the identification accuracy in detecting the conservation gaps and has certain universality for improving the efficiency of biodiversity conservation in high-intensity development areas.

Ticks are considered the second most common pathogen vectors transmitting a broad range of vital human and veterinary viruses. From 2017 to 2018, 640 ticks were collected in eight different provinces in central and western China. Six species were detected, including H.longicornis, De.everestianus, Rh.microplus, Rh.turanicus, Rh.sanguineous, and Hy.asiaticum. Sixty-four viral metagenomic libraries were constructed on the MiSeq Illumina platform, resulting in 13.44 ​G (5.88 ​× ​10 7 ) of 250-bp-end reads, in which 2,437,941 are viral reads. We found 27 nearly complete genome sequences, including 16 genome sequences encoding entire protein-coding regions (lack of 3' or 5' end non-coding regions) and complete viral genomes, distributed in the arboviral family (Chuviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Nairoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Flaviviridae, Iflaviridae) as well as Parvoviridae and Polyomaviridae that cause disease in mammals and even humans. In addition, 13 virus sequences found in Chuviridae, Nairoviridae, Flaviviridae, Iflaviridae, Hepeviridae, Parvoviridae, and Polyomaviridae were identified as belonging to a new virus species in the identified viral genera. Besides, an epidemiological survey shows a high prevalence (9.38% and 15.63%) of two viruses (Ovine Copiparvovirus and Bovine parvovirus 2) in the tick cohort., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Exploring the spatial differentiation of PM 2.5 concentrations in typical urban agglomerations and analyzing their atmospheric health patterns are necessary for building high-quality urban agglomerations. Taking the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou urban agglomeration as an example, and based on exploratory data analysis and mathematical statistics, we explore the PM 2.5 spatial distribution patterns and characteristics and use hierarchical analysis to construct an atmospheric health evaluation system consisting of exposure-response degree, regional vulnerability, and regional adaptation, and then identify the spatial differentiation characteristics and critical causes of the atmospheric health pattern. This study shows the following: (1) The average annual PM 2.5 value of the area in 2020 was 19.16 μg/m 3 , which was lower than China's mean annual quality concentration limit, and the overall performance was clean. (2) The spatial distribution patterns of the components of the atmospheric health evaluation system are different, with the overall cleanliness benefit showing a "north-central-south depression, the rest of the region is mixed," the regional vulnerability showing a coastal to inland decay, and the regional adaptability showing a "high north, low south, high east, low west" spatial divergence pattern. (3) The high-value area of the air health pattern of the area is an "F-shaped" spatial distribution; the low-value area shows a pattern of "north-middle-south" peaks standing side by side. The assessment of health patterns in the aforementioned areas can provide theoretical references for pollution prevention and control and the construction of healthy cities.

Counties are the key spatial units in achieving the reduction and control of carbon emissions. It is of great significance to study and reveal the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing mechanism of carbon emissions for realizing the "carbon peak and carbon neutral" goal. In this study, the spatial-temporal evolution and heterogeneity of carbon emissions at the county level in China from 2000 to 2017 were analyzed by using mathematical statistics and panel data regression modeling, and the influencing mechanism was explored. The results showed that: ① from 2000 to 2017, the annual growth rate of carbon emissions was 7.12%, which experienced the three stages of "sharp rise, slow rise, and high fluctuation" and finally stabilized at approximately 90×10 8 t. At the county scale, there was a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. ② The general panel regression model showed that GDP, construction land area, population, per capita GDP, and per capita deposit balance of financial institutions were significantly correlated with carbon emissions, and the former three had the strongest promoting effect on carbon emissions. ③ The goodness of fit of the geographically and temporally weighted regression model was high, and the direction and intensity of the other impact factors changed greatly in spatial-temporal characteristics, except that GDP showed a stable promoting effect globally. The results showed that carbon emission levels and main influencing factors varied among counties in China. This study revealed the heterogeneity of carbon emissions at the county level, which is helpful to optimize the spatial-temporal implementation path of the "dual carbon" target.

Global climate change has led to flood disasters increasing in terms of frequency and damage caused, which seriously threatens urban and rural security. The flood regulation (FR) service function of the ecosystem plays an important role in mitigating flood disaster risk. Previous studies on flood regulation ecosystem services (FRES) are still lacking in a cross-scale assessment of supply and demand, refined simulation of regional complex hydrology, and application of spatial zoning management. Taking the Fujian Delta as an example, this study established a cross-scale research framework based on the social-ecosystem principle. The SWAT model was used to simulate the regional hydrological runoff and calculate the macro-scale supply of FRES. Taking patches of land as units, a flood risk assessment model was constructed to calculate the micro-scale demand for FRES for urban and rural society. Through a comparison of supply and demand across spatial scales, a zoning management scheme to deal with flood disaster risk was proposed. The results showed that: (1) The supply of FRES differed greatly among the sub-basins, and the sub-basins with low supply were mostly distributed in the lower reaches of Jiulong River and the coastal areas. (2) The demand for FRES was concentrated in high-density urban built-up areas. (3) By comparing the supply and demand of FRES in sub-basin units, 2153 km 2 ecological space was identified as the primary ecological protection area, and 914 km 2 cultivated land and bare land were identified as the primary ecological restoration area. (4) By comparing the supply and demand of FRES of land patch units, 65.42 km 2 of construction land was identified as the primary intervention area. This study provides a decision-making basis for regional flood disaster management from the perspective of FRES.

Heavy metal pollution in the soil surrounding solid wastes from coking plants poses potential threats to human health and has attracted widespread attention. This study is the first to assess the spatial variability and risks of heavy metals in the soil surrounding solid waste from coking plants. The results showed that the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cd in the soil were much higher than the background value of the soil. Solid waste had a clear influence on the contents of Ni, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Cr in the soil. The ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution demonstrated that the pollution degree of Cu, Pb, and Cd was more serious than others, and the ecological risk of heavy metals was mainly caused by Cd in the soil. The human health risk assessment showed that adults and children near coking plants might face carcinogenic risk from exposure to Cr. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and management of soil heavy metal pollution surrounding solid waste in coking plants., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The coordinated supply and demand of ecosystem services (ESs) is important for ensuring regional sustainable development. However, research identifying key areas of imbalanced supply and demand of ESs at the urban agglomeration scale is limited. Therefore, in this study, using the Fujian Delta urban agglomeration of China as the research area, based on multi-source data, and analysis tools, such as ArcGIS, ENVI, and GeoDa, we constructed a research framework and indicator system for ESs supply and demand to determine the spatial change law, matching degree, and coupling coordination degree (CCD) of the ESs. On this basis, the key areas of imbalanced supply and demand of ESs were identified, and optimization strategies were proposed. The results showed that (1) there is obvious spatial heterogeneity between ESs supply and demand in the study area, and different degrees of spatial changes occurred with urbanization. Specifically, areas with large changes were concentrated in urban core areas and economic development zones. (2) The matching degree between ESs supply and demand is quite diverse and shows a trend of polarization. Under the influence of urbanization, some cities began facing ESs supply shortages. (3) Overall, the CCD between ESs supply and demand in the study area is in a state of mild incoordination, but with increasing urbanization, some cities have turned into a state of extreme incoordination. Our results indicate that the ESs supply and demand status in some cities at the urban agglomeration scale has become increasingly severe. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on certain "key areas" to formulate optimization strategies. For key areas with "low supply-high demand" and extreme incoordination, the population and land use intensity should be controlled to reduce the ESs demand level. Meanwhile, for key areas with "high supply-low demand" and extreme incoordination, the utilization efficiency of ecological resources should be improved to enhance the ESs supply capacity. The results of this study will help decision-makers optimize the relationship between ESs supply and demand in order to achieve the sustainable development of urban agglomeration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. Our manuscript has not been published previously or submitted elsewhere for publication in whole or in part., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: This study aimed to examine suicide ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide risk by examining a large sample of Chinese university students and identify the predictive factors, including depressive and anxiety symptoms, for suicide attempt and suicide risk., Methods: We recruited 6,836 students (aged 18-30) based on all students enrolled in 2016 from one university using cluster sampling. They completed four questionnaires: the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised were used to measure suicide risk, and students' depressive/anxiety symptoms were estimated using Patient Health Questionnaire and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale., Results: Four major findings emerged. First, 18% of the students showed high suicide ideation, 14.5% showed suicide risk, 18.8% had suicide plans, and 1% had attempted suicide. Second, a weak sense of life's value was common among university students, as 61.4% of students considered suicide as a way to end or evade problems. Third, the results of the binary logistic regression showed that education, suicide ideation, including the wish to die, attitude toward suicide, specificity/planning of suicide, and deception or concealment of contemplated suicide were predictive factors of suicide attempt and suicide risk. The variable "deterrents to active attempt" was also a predictive factor of suicide risk. Fourth, depressive and anxiety symptoms did not significantly predict suicide attempts or suicide risk. Only 10.8% and 5.6% of the students had self-reported scores above the clinical cut-off points for depression and anxiety, respectively., Conclusions: This study highlighted the prevalence of suicide risk among Chinese university students. The high risk of suicide may not only be due to affective disorders, but also a weak sense of life's value or other reasons. Suicide ideation that significantly predicts suicide risk can be used for suicide risk assessment. Universities should provide appropriate life education and suicide prevention and intervention such as teaching instructors gate-keeper skills., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: The morbidity of rifampicin/multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis (RR/MDR-TBM) has shown an increasing trend globally. Its mortality rate is significantly higher than that of non-rifampicin/multidrug-resistant tuberculous meningitis (NRR/MDR-TBM). This article aimed to explore risk factors related to RR/MDR-TBM, and compare therapeutic effects of linezolid (LZD)- and non-linezolid-containing regimen for RR/MDR-TB patients in Shenzhen city. Furthermore, we aimed to find a better therapy for pathogen-negative TBM with RR/MDR-TBM related risk factors., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study enrolling 137 hospitalized cases with confirmed TBM from June 2014 to March 2020. All patients were divided into RR/MDR-TBM group (12 cases) and NRR/MDR-TBM group (125 cases) based on GeneXpert MTB/RIF and (or) phenotypic drug susceptibility test results using cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The risk factors related to RR/MDR-TBM were investigated through comparing clinical and examination features between the two groups. The mortality rate of RR/MDR-TBM patients treated with different regimens was analyzed to compare their respective therapeutic effects. A difference of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: Most patients (111/137, 81%) were from southern or southwestern China, and a large proportion (72/137, 52.55%) belonged to migrant workers. 12 cases were RR/MDR-TBM (12/137, 8.8%) while 125 cases were NRR/MDR-TBM (125/137, 91.2%). The proportion of patients having prior TB treatment history in the RR/MDR-TBM group was significantly higher than that of the NRR/MDR-TBM group (6/12 vs. 12/125, 50% vs. 10.5%, P < 0.01). No significant difference was observed on other clinical and examination features between the two groups. Mortality was significantly lower in RR/MDR-TBM patients on linezolid-containing treatment regimen than those who were not (0/7 versus 3/5, 0% versus 60%, P = 0.045)., Conclusions: The main related risk factor of RR/MDR-TBM is the history of anti-tuberculosis treatment. Linezolid-containing regimen appears to lower mortality rate of RR/MDR-TBM significantly in our study. We think Linezolid should be evaluated prospectively in the treatment of RR/MDR-TBM., (© 2021. The Author(s).)