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Background: After the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infected people, increasing numbers of patients have pretreatment drug resistance (PDR). In this study, the prevalence of PDR was evaluated in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in China. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 1943 patients who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 2017 from 13 provinces or cities in China. Pol sequences were used to analyze drug resistance and construct transmission networks. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the potential factors associated with PDR. Results: In total, 1711 eligible patients (76.0% male; 87.8% aged ≥ 25 years) were included, of which 117 (6.8%) had PDR. The highest rates of PDR were 12.2% in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan and 9.3 and 8.9% in Dehong and Lincang Prefecture of Yunnan. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PDR was significantly higher among intravenous drug users (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.57–4.44) and individuals from Liangshan, Dehong, and Lincang (aOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.26–3.30). In total, 754 sequences were used to generate 164 transmission networks. Five transmission networks had two or three sequences containing the same mutations, two networks contained subjects from Liangshan, and one network contained subjects from Dehong. Conclusions: Overall, the PDR prevalence was moderate, with a particularly high prevalence in areas with severe HIV epidemics. These results indicate the importance of continuous PDR monitoring in patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Largemouth bass ( Micropterus ) is an economically important fish species in North America, Europe, and China. Various genetic improvement programs and domestication processes have modified its genome sequence through selective pressure, leaving nucleotide signals that can be detected at the genomic level. In this study, we sequenced 149 largemouth bass fish, including protospecies (imported from the US) and improved breeds (four domestic breeding populations from China). We detected genomic regions harboring certain genes associated with improved traits, which may be useful molecular markers for practical domestication, breeding, and selection. Subsequent analyses of genetic diversity and population structure revealed that the improved breeds have undergone more rigorous genetic changes. Through selective signal analysis, we identified hundreds of putative selective sweep regions in each largemouth bass line. Interestingly, we predicted 103 putative candidate genes potentially subjected to selection, including several associated with growth (p salmoides ) is an economically important fish species in North America, Europe, and China. Various genetic improvement programs and domestication processes have modified its genome sequence through selective pressure, leaving nucleotide signals that can be detected at the genomic level. In this study, we sequenced 149 largemouth bass fish, including protospecies (imported from the US) and improved breeds (four domestic breeding populations from China). We detected genomic regions harboring certain genes associated with improved traits, which may be useful molecular markers for practical domestication, breeding, and selection. Subsequent analyses of genetic diversity and population structure revealed that the improved breeds have undergone more rigorous genetic changes. Through selective signal analysis, we identified hundreds of putative selective sweep regions in each largemouth bass line. Interestingly, we predicted 103 putative candidate genes potentially subjected to selection, including several associated with growth (p sst1 and grb10 ), early development ( klf9 , sp4 , and sp8 ), and immune traits ( pkn2 , sept2 , bcl6 , and ripk2 ). These candidate genes represent potential genomic landmarks that could be used to improve important traits of biological and commercial interest. In summary, this study provides a genome-wide map of genetic variations and selection footprints in largemouth bass, which may benefit genetic studies and accelerate genetic improvement of this economically important fish.

Objective: To study the association of serum levels of trace elements with core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)., Methods: From September 2018 to September 2019, an investigation was performed for 1 020 children with ASD and 1 038 healthy children matched for age and sex in the outpatient service of grade A tertiary hospitals and special education institutions in 13 cities of China. Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used to assess the core symptoms of the children with ASD. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure serum levels of trace elements magnesium, iron, copper, and zinc., Results: The children with ASD had significantly lower serum levels of magnesium, copper, and zinc than the healthy children ( P < 0.05). The children with severe ASD had significantly lower serum levels of magnesium and zinc than those with mild-to-moderate ASD ( P < 0.05). The results of partial correlation analysis showed that serum magnesium level was negatively correlated with the total score of ABC and the score of communication ( r =-0.318 and -0.282 respectively; P 0.001), and serum zinc level was negatively correlated with the total score of ABC and the scores of communication and somatic movement ( r =-0.221, -0.270, and -0.207 respectively; P < 0.001)., Conclusions: The serum levels of magnesium and zinc may be associated with core symptoms in children with ASD, which requires further studies. The nutritional status of trace elements should be monitored for children with ASD in clinical practice.

In this study, by using the method of literature research, 35 prescriptions related to asthma therapy has been screened out from Hui medicine through collecting the ancient and modern literature. A comparison of fragrant medicine between the name in Arab and Chinese herbal medicine is done. The countif function in Microsoft Excel 2007 is used to get the prescriptions of the drug on the frequency statistics, summarizing the common drugs of Hui medicine for asthma are Pinellia, almond, white sugar, walnut. According to the commonly used drugs, the pathogeny and treatment principle about Hui medicine for asthma is preliminarily inferred combining literature research and the related Hui medical theory. In this study, those prescriptions have been classified into 21 cases which are effective and can be used in medical therapy according to the relevant literatures with the development of the Hui people in their long process of formation of the unique diet culture, 14 useful and convenient Halal diet therapies are made up according to the indications, therapies, party name and composition. Halal diet and "medicine and food" herbs are preliminarily analyzed and summarized, which can be convenient for the people to reduce pains through the diet and improve health awareness.

Objective: To study the HIV-1 diversity and how did it promote the rapid spread of AIDS, in Guizhou province., Methods: A total of 190 HIV-1 positive subjects were collected in different years and regions from Guizhou province. The env and gag genes were amplified with nested PCR and their sequences were determined. The subtypes were identified by the MEGA 4.0 software and the relationships between subtypes and AIDS epidemic were analyzed., Results: The number of HIV/AIDS reported cases was increased from 66 in 1998 up to 8435 in 2009, a 16.38 time increase in 7 years. Subtypes B (9), B' (4), C (2), CRF07&#95;BC (75), CRF08&#95;BC (17), CRF01&#95;AE (64) were identified in Guizhou province among the samples collected in various periods of time. The genetic diversities in env gene of CRF07&#95;BC and CRF08&#95;BC increased along with the spreading of HIV (from 0.035 ± 0.006 to 0.092 ± 0.011). Subtype B' (4/11) appeared the main subtype prevailed in Guizhou in 1998 as well as CRF07&#95;BC (26/41) in 2002 and CRF01&#95;AE (62/119) in 2007. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Guizhou province showed an rapidly upward trend, with the main risk factors of HIV transmission as 2610 cases through injecting drug users (IDUs). and 176 cases due to sexually transmitted infections (STIs), from year 2001 to 2006. However, STIs began to increase rapidly, after 2006, with 1713 cases of IDUs and 1833 cases of STIs. Data indicated that the change of composition of different HIV-1 subtypes was correlated with the mode of transmission in Guizhou province (χ(2) = 41.253, P = 0.000)., Conclusion: The types of HIV strains changed over time as well the turnover of the main risk factors. Sexual transmission, including both hetero- and homo-sexual became the main risk factors, suggesting the development of related prevention and control programs, on HIV/AIDS should be considered accordingly in the future.