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Simulating the spatial response of ecosystem service value (ESV) caused by land use change in Heilongjiang Province under different scenarios in the future is of great significance for ensuring ecological security and sustainable development in the region. Heilongjiang Province, an important grain-producing region in China, is taken as the research area in this study. Five land use maps (2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020) were used to evaluate the change of ecosystem service value in Heilongjiang Province in the past 20 years. In addition, the area of each land use type under different future scenarios was predicted by Markov model and MOP model, the future land use pattern was simulated based on PLUS model, the ESV under different scenarios was calculated, and the spatial distribution and the degree of ESV clustering were further explored. The results show that: (1) During 2000–2020, the built-up land in Heilongjiang Province continued to grow, with a total increase of 5076 km2 during the 20-year period, the area of water continued to grow, the area of unused land gradually decreased, and the area of farmland and forest land changed less. (2) During the study period, the ESV in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were 1320.8 billion yuan, 1334.5 billion yuan, 1342.1 billion yuan, 1327.6 billion yuan, and 1328.4 billion yuan, respectively. Generally, it shows a fluctuating trend. (3) The ESV of natural development scenario (NDS), economic priority scenario (ERS) and ecological protection scenario (EPS) are 1334.3 billion yuan, 1254.8 billion yuan and 1455.6 billion yuan, respectively. The ESV of different scenarios is quite different. (4) The spatial distribution of ESV was higher in the northwest, central, and southeast, and lower in the east and west. The hot and cold spots of ESV are widely distributed and the degree of polymerization is high. The methods and conclusions of this study can provide scientific reference for the optimization of national spatial pattern and the formulation of sustainable development policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Conventionally, the 2-parameter Weibull model, Arrhenius-Weibull model, has been used vastly for transformer aging-dependent unavailability modeling. However, this model only uses the lifetime feature to describe the transformer's degradation process and to calibrate the Weibull parameters, which harms the accuracy of aging-dependent unavailability forecasting. In response, this paper develops a 3-calibratable-parameter Weibull model for evaluating the transformer aging-dependent unavailability. In the proposed model, both the individualized aging threshold and lifetime are taken into the calibration of the Weibull parameters to accurately characterize the heterogeneity in transformer populations. First, a degree of polymerization (DP) analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) based approach is proposed for estimating the transformers’ uncertain aging thresholds and lifetimes. Then, the Maximum Likelihood Estimate and Particle Swarm Optimization are jointly adopted to model the relationship among the calibratable Weibull parameters, aging threshold, and lifetime. Finally, the analytical formula of aging-dependent unavailability is derived from the established 3-calibratable-parameter Weibull model using an integral-discretization method. A real utility application example in China's Chongqing power system has been presented to validate and demonstrate the practicality and usefulness of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenol composition in persimmon fruits were analyzed for 30 cultivars using thiolysis-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Regarding the amount of proanthocyanidins, persimmon polyphenols were classified into three groups: pollination constant and non-astringent (PCNA) from Japan, non-PCNA (pollination variant and non-astringent (PVNA), pollination variant and astringent (PVA), pollination constant and astringent (PCA)) from Japan and PCA from China, and PCA from Korea. Similar to the genetic-based classification and the molecular structures including the degree of polymerization and galloyl group ratio, as well as the bioactivities, such as the anti-oxidative activities and the inhibitory effects on amylolytic enzymes, were consistent with the amount of proanthocyanidins. In all cultivars investigated, the inhibitory activity of α-amylase was the strongest, followed by that of α-glucosidase, maltase, and sucrase. Since persimmon polyphenols have been reported to suppress the increase in postprandial blood glucose levels, they can be used for glycemic control regardless of the cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural and functional properties of starch from purple yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is investigated, and starches from other three yam varieties grown in China are used for comparison. The yam starches show a variety of shapes from oval to elongated or irregular. The amylose content of four yam starches is in the range of 28.3–37.9%. The D. alata L. starch exhibits a typical B‐type X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern with a higher relative crystallinity compared with other three yam starches, which show a C‐type XRD pattern. The D. alata L. starch has the higher proportion (20.6%) of long branch chain (Degree of polymerization (DP) ≥ 37) and the lower proportion (11.8%) of short branch chains (DP 6–12), which accounts for its higher thermal stability and lower in vitro enzymatic digestibility. This study provides useful information on the properties of purple yam starch, which would be of use for their application in preparation of foods with low enzymatic digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Flash détente (FD) technique significantly increased the fruity aroma of wines. • Higher level of lactones and furanones was firstly reported in FD wines. • All seven acetates and most straight-chain ethyl esters were higher in FD wines. • FD wines had higher condensed tannin content for each degree of polymerization. • FD technique promoted the release of yeast-derived polysaccharides. This study aimed to characterize the sensory profiles of wines produced using the flash détente (FD) technique and to identify the flavor compounds contributing to the sensory characteristics. The FD technique was applied to two major grape varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon and Marselan, from the Changli region of China to produce high-quality wines with aging potential. Compared to the traditional macerated wines, the FD wines showed greater color intensity, mainly due to the higher levels of anthocyanins. Regarding the aroma characteristics, FD wines were found to have a more pronounced fruitness, especially fresh fruit note, which was due to the contribution of higher concentration of esters. Concurrently, FD wines showed an increased sweet note which was associated with increased lactones and furanones. In addition, FD wines exhibited reduced green and floral notes due to lower levels of C 6 alcohols and C 13 -norisoprenoids. With regard to mouthfeel, FD wines presented greater astringency and bitterness, which was due to the higher levels of phenolics. The total concentration of condensed tannins and condensed tannins for each degree of polymerization was considerably higher in FD wines due to the strong extraction of the FD technique. A significant increase in grape-derived polysaccharides and glycerol was also found in FD wines, contributing to a fuller body. This study contributed to an increase in the knowledge of the Changli region and demonstrated that the FD technique could be applied to the wine production in this region to address the negative impacts of rainfall in individual vintages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BP) is one of the main active ingredients in Orchidaceae plant Bletilla striata. BP has a high molecular weight, high viscosity, and complex diffusion, which is not conducive to the absorption and utilization of the human body. For the first time, we produced fermented Bletilla striata polysaccharide (FBP) with a low polymerization degree using Bacillus licheniformis BJ2022 one-step fermentation. FBP was a neutral polysaccharide with the molecular weight of 6790 Da. It was composed of glucose and mannose at a molar ratio of 1:2.7. The glycosidic bonds of FBP were composed of β-1,4-linked mannose, β-1,4-linked glucose and β-1,6-linked mannose according to methylation and NMR analysis. Compared with BP, FBP has a lower viscosity and higher solubility. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the surface of FBP was porous and honeycomb-like. The rheology properties of FBP solution were close to non-Newtonian fluid. Using in vitro fermentation, we proved that FBP could regulate human gut microbiota and significantly increase the content of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides. Our results suggested that Bacillus licheniformis fermentation significantly improved the physical and prebiotic properties of FBP. This study provides a new strategy for developing and utilizing Bletilla striata resources in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The developed learning framework only relies on the available non-intrusive data • A long-existing problem, i.e., aging failure data restoration, is raised and solved • The degree of polymerization is selected as the aging covariate • The practicality of the framework is verified by a practical application Distribution transformers (DTs) are critical components used in power distribution networks, and they are vulnerable to aging failures due to irreversible insulation degradation. Therefore, the accurate estimation of the aging-related failure rates (AFRs) is necessary for the reliability-centered maintenance and replacement strategies needed for ensuring service reliability and safety. Various data-intensive models have been proposed for AFR evaluation of power equipment. However, these models cannot be used for AFR evaluation of DTs due to the limitation of the available data. This paper tackles this important problem in an unconventional way by it develops a novel Restoration-Clustering-Decomposition learning framework to model the AFRs of individual DTs and improve evaluation accuracy. The proposed approach requires only the non-intrusive data that can be directly extracted from existing available databases, making it feasible to be applying to numerous DTs. First, the analysis of the degree of polymerization (DP) degradation and the Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS) technique are combined to reproduce aging failure data. Then, an optimal Entropy-weighted K-means (EW-K-means) clustering method and the classic 2-parameter Weibull model are used to evaluate the average AFRs of different DT groups through failure data analysis. Then, a DP-based decomposition function is introduced to quantify the relative aging degree of in-group individuals and to derive the probabilistic AFRs of each DT in the group. Application examples of a scrapped DT population in Chongqing Electric Power Company of China are presented and discussed in detail. The results show that the proposed learning framework has a promising capability for AFR evaluation of individual DTs and bears great practicality in the real world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A alkaline deacetylation-aided hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid pretreatment pretreatment was applied to examine its effectiveness on bamboo biomass. [Display omitted] • Acetyl groups from HPAC pretreatment were removed by mild NaOH post-treatment. • Deacetylation increased the productive binding of pretreated bamboo to enzyme. • Glucose yield of HPAC-NaOH-DS was 91.30%, improved by 27% than HPAC-DS. • When five HPAC-NaOH-bamboo as substrates, glucose yield of 82-96% were achieved. • HPAC-NaOH pretreatment was efficient and economical in the bamboo biorefinery. Bamboo pretreatment with alkaline deacetylation-aided hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC-NaOH) was investigated for producing high-value-added products. Comparing with HPAC pretreated D. sinicus , the post-treatment of alkaline deacetylation resulted in higher glucose yield of 91.3% and ethanol concentrations of 17.20 g/L, increased by about 20–27%. A strong negative correlation between the content of acetyl with cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis yield was showed. The deacetylation of HPAC-DS contributed to the increase of cellulase adsorption capacities in substrates and the variations of hydrophilicity, cellulose crystallinity, and degree of polymerization, which can generate highly reactive cellulosic materials for enzymatic saccharification to produce bioethanol. The HPAC-NaOH pretreatment can provide a promising approach to improve the bioconversion of bamboo to biofuels, and has broad space for the biorefinery of bamboo in the south of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving and emission reduction have become common concerns in countries around the world. In China, with the implementation of the new strategy of "carbon peak and neutrality" and the rapid development of the new smart grid infrastructure, the amount of data of actual power grid dispatching and fault analysis show exponential growth, which has led to phenomena such as poor supervision effectiveness and difficulty in handling faults in the process of grid operation and maintenance. Existing research on retrieval recommendation methods has had a lower accuracy rate at cold-start due to a small sample of user interactions. In addition, the cumulative learning of user personalization during general retrieval results in a poor perception of potential interest. By constructing a power knowledge graph, this paper presents a power fault retrieval and recommendation model (PF2RM) based on user-polymorphic perception. This model includes two methods: the power fault retrieval method (PFR) and the user-polymorphic retrieval recommendation method (UPRR). First, we take the power grid fault dispatching business as the core and reconstruct the ontology layer of the power knowledge graph. The PFR method is used to design the graph-neighbor fault entity cluster to enhance the polymerization degree of a fault implementation scenario. This method can solve the search cold-start recommendation problem. At the same time, the UPRR method aims to form user retrieval subgraphs of the past-state and current-state and make a feature matching for the graph-neighbor fault entity cluster, and then realize the accurate prediction of the user's general search intention. The model is compared with other current classical models through the evaluation of multiple recommendation evaluation metrics, and the experimental results show that the model has a 3–8% improvement in the cold-start recommendation effect and 2–10% improvement in regular retrieval. The model has the best average recommendation performance in multiple metrics and has good results in fault analysis and retrieval recommendation. It plays a helpful role in intelligent operation and maintenance of the power grid and auxiliary decision-making, and effectively improves the reliability of the power grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch obtained from seedless breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) procured from Xinglong and the Spice and Beverage Research Institute were isolated and their granule and physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. Both Xinglong seedless breadfruit starch (XBS) and Spice and Beverage Research Institute seedless breadfruit starch (SBS) exhibited a B-type diffraction patterns. SBS showed higher amylose content (25.71%), weight average molecular weight (Mw) (2.17 × 107 g/mol), A chains (degrees of polymerization (DP) 6–12) (17.26%), B2 chains (DP 24–36) (22.67%), B3 chains (DP ≥ 37) (14.42%), gelatinization enthalpy (Δ H g) (13.29 J/g), crystallinity (R c) (19.97%), short-range molecular order (0.59), gelatinization temperature (T p) (73.01 °C), pasting temperature (Pt) (75.95 °C), final viscosity (FV) (8125 cP), setback viscosity (SBV) (2366 cP), gel hardness (23.33 g) and adhesiveness (−79.14 g s) than those of XBS (24.33%, 1.68 × 107 g/mol, 16.83%, 20.74%, 13.10%, 12.39 J/g, 10.90%, 0.55, 68.56 °C, 71.80 °C, 8073 cP, 1694 cP, 10.72 g and −85.72 g s, respectively). However, lower B1 chains (DP 13–24) (45.72%), water absorption capacity (WAC) (117.32%), peak viscosity (PV) (6047 cP) and breakdown viscosity (BDV) (288 cP) were found for SBS, compared to those obtained for the XBS (49.33%, 139.10%, 7343 cP and 964 cP). The average particle size of SBS (7.44 μm) was similar to that of XBS (7.54 μm). Principal component analysis indicated that a significantly positive correlation was found among Mw, A1 chains, B2 chains, B3 chains, 1047/1022, gel hardness, amylose content, R c , T p , FV, Pt, Δ H g and SBV (p < 0.05). In addition, the proportions between the B1 chains, PV, porosity, WAC, gel adhesiveness, and ΔH were negatively correlated with Mw, A1 chains, B2 chains, B3 chains, 1047/1022, gel hardness, amylose content, R c , T p , FV, Pt, Δ H g and SBV (p < 0.05). Significantly negative correlation was also found among BDV and SBV, and T p and FV (p < 0.05). This paper can potentially be used as a theoretical reference to prompt more investigations for the extensive utilization of SBS and XBS in the food industry. [Display omitted] • The seedless breadfruit is a potential starch resource, which has not been exploited. • Starches were from Xinglong (XBS) and Spice and Beverage Research Institute (SBS). • Both the SBS and XBS was observed B-type pattern with various relative crystallinity. • The gelatinization enthalpy and gel hardness of SBS were higher than those of XBS. • Compared with XBS, SBS showed higher molecular weight and ratio of long chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling waste carbon source for fermentation is of great interests and high practical value. However, the process suffered some problems like unclear carbohydrate composition, low nutrition content, presence of various contaminants and high cost for pretreatment. Currently, the high-fructose syrup (HFS) production industry in China generates a large amount of waste liquid containing miscellaneous waste carbohydrates (MWC), which has a notable environmental impact. To recycle MWC for Pichia pastoris fermentation, the composition of MWC was analyzed and the fermentation processes were optimized. The composition of MWC was determined as 802.3 g L−1 total carbohydrate, 480 g L−1 glucose, 92 g L−1 fructose, 103.6 g L−1 maltose, 36.8 g L−1 maltotriose and 89.9 g L−1 other oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization (DPs 4–16). After the fermentation medium and conditions for pGAP/pAOX 1 - P. pastoris were optimized, MWC were employed as the alternative carbon source to culture the two strains to produce endo-β-1,3-glucanase in 7-L bioreactors. Using MWC for pGAP -P. pastoris culture, the dry cell weight (DCW) and endo-β-1,3-glucanase activity reached 69.1 g L−1 and 171.8 U mL−1, respectively, which were the same levels as in the batch using glucose as the carbon source. When using MWC and the self-designed DO-Stat-Time feeding strategy for pAOX 1 - P. pastoris culture, the maximum DCW and enzyme activity reached 83.6 g L−1 and 212.3 U mL−1, which improved 41.4% and 34.9%, respectively compared with the control group. This study established cleaner production procedures for both HFS and P. pastoris fermentation industries by considerably reducing environmental pollution and decreasing the production cost. [Display omitted] • Miscellaneous waste carbohydrates were determined with rich carbon source. • The waste carbohydrates were recycled directly for pGAP- P. pastoris fermentation. • The waste carbohydrates and novel feeding were used for pAOX 1 - P. pastoris culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]