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In response to a financial crisis, many organizations adjust their pay systems to reduce labor costs. In this research, we focus on the use of delayed pay (the postponement of employees' contractual compensation) and examine its effect on employee voluntary turnover outcomes. In a field study (Study 1) with data collected from the executive managers of 129 Chinese hotels experiencing a financial crisis caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), we find a positive relationship between delayed pay and the voluntary turnover rate at the organizational level. In addition, this relationship becomes weaker when delayed pay consists of a larger proportion of pay‐for‐performance (PFP). We then conduct an experiment (Study 2) to extend our theoretical framework to the individual level, establish causality, and examine the underlying mechanism. The results show that the perceived negative instrumentality of stay (i.e., expected economic losses associated with staying in an organization) explains why individuals intend to leave organizations adopting delayed base pay but not delayed PFP. We further replicate these findings in a critical incident technique study (Study 3). We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although financial trust has been modeled as a critical predictor of retirement financial planning activities, insufficient understanding has been developed concerning the relationship between financial trust and the effectiveness of the model of retirement financial planning. This current research creatively evaluated the moderating role of financial trust in the model of retirement financial planning in a sample of young working adults in Shanghai and Shenzhen, China (N = 422). Results presented evidence to support financial trust strengthened the pathways in the model of retirement financial planning. For example, social support was positively and significantly linked to retirement financial behaviors in the subsample reporting high financial trust but not among those with low trust; Risk tolerance was positively and significantly associated with retirement financial planning behaviors in the high-trust subsample but not in the low-trust subsample; Future time perspectives positively and significantly connected to retirement goal clarity in the high-trust but not low-trust respondents. Our findings improve the understanding of the model of retirement financial planning by increasing its complexity and providing new entry points to enhance retirement financial planning, namely promoting financial trust among the public. The results also propose a potential mechanism that can be used to explain how manipulation of financial trust will lead to better retirement financial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the possible consequence of elder mistreatment on resilience and whether social support moderates this posited association, using a rural sample of 432 community-dwelling older Chinese adults aged 60 to 79 years. Elder abuse included verbal abuse, physical abuse, or financial exploitation. Social support was measured by The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Resilience was represented by a seven-item scale. Hierarchical regression models indicated that mistreatment is significantly related to low levels of resilience when confounding factors are adjusted. A significant interaction term (abuse × social support) was also detected. Mistreated respondents who reported higher levels of social support were less likely to experience low resilience compared to those with lower levels of social support. Social support buffers against the undesirable effect of mistreatment on resilience, especially for those who were abused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In China, national immunization program (NIP) vaccines benefit from robust financial support and have achieved high coverage. Non-NIP vaccines rely on fragmented funding sources, mostly out-of-pocket payment, and face sub-optimal and inequitable coverage. Sustainable financing needs to be secured for addressing equity in non-NIP vaccine delivery. However, discussion and understanding of this issue remain limited. This study aims to analyze the current situation, comprehensively identify challenges and opportunities in non-NIP vaccine financing, and offer suggestions to enhance vaccine uptake and improve public health. Methods: Between July and December 2023, we conducted a series of semi-structured, in-person interviews with 55 stakeholders from the Health Bureau, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Medical Insurance Bureau, and Finance Bureau across five provinces in China. Participants were selected through stratified sampling, and the interviews mainly included their involvement in non-NIP vaccine financing, challenges faced, and strategies for improvement to enhance financing performance. Informed consent was obtained, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Non-NIP vaccine financing sources include out-of-pocket payments, government fiscal, health insurance and other external funds. These four channels differ in vaccine types covered, costs, and target populations, each with unique challenges and opportunities. High out-of-pocket costs remain a significant barrier to equitable vaccine uptake, while market competition has lowered the vaccine price and improved accessibility. Local fiscal support for free vaccination programs faces challenges related to sustainability and regional disparity, though governmental commitment to vaccination is growing. Nevertheless, centralized procurement organized by the government has lowered the price and reduced the financial burden. Despite legal restrictions on using basic health insurance for vaccinations and limited commercial insurance options, private medical savings accounts and mutual-aid mechanisms present new opportunities. Although the scope and impact of external support are limited, it has successfully increased awareness and social attention to vaccination. Conclusion: Relying on individual payments as the main financing channel for non-NIP vaccines is unsustainable and inadequate for ensuring universal vaccine access. A concerted and synergistic approach is essential to ensure sufficient, sustainable resources and enhance public financial management to improve equity in the non-NIP vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The COVID-19 epidemic has caused risk and uncertainty. This study answers whether and how psychological distress and digital sports influence willingness to take the vaccine and precautionary savings. Subject and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with an online survey sample of 1016 Shanghai residents who live and work there and are aged between 16–60. All of them experienced the COVID-19 lockdown in Shanghai. We used logistic regressions to examine the relationships between the variables of interest. Results: Three findings were demonstrated. First, psychologically distressed individuals are less inclined to take the vaccine. Second, those engaged in fitness activities via digital media platforms are more willing to get vaccinated. Third, psychologically distressed individuals and digital video-based physical exercisers are more likely to precautionary save. Conclusions: This study contributes to the literature by documenting how people changed their life from the perspective of finance and health during the lockdown and providing practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "campus loans" crisis has highlighted the importance of financial literacy among Chinese college students. Based on an analysis of 2,266 valid questionnaires, this study utilized survey data and logistic regression to examine the correlations between demographic and behavioral factors and financial literacy among students. The results indicated that, compared to their international counterparts, Chinese students generally possess less financial knowledge. However, they exhibit stronger financial attitudes and behaviors. A significant gender disparity was observed, with female students outperforming male students in financial literacy. Students attending more prestigious universities, particularly those majoring in economics, management, science, and engineering, and those dedicating more time to financial education, showed higher levels of financial literacy. Additionally, positive social interactions were associated with enhanced financial literacy. The study also identifies a "Surrounding People Effect," where the presence of financially knowledgeable peers, friends, and family correlates with improved financial literacy among college students. These findings offer critical insights for developing targeted policies to enhance financial literacy among Chinese college students. Plain language summary: Exploring Financial Literacy Among Chinese College Students This study investigates how well Chinese college students understand and manage money, known as financial literacy. The research involved analyzing answers from 2,266 students to see what affects their financial knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The findings reveal that Chinese students generally know less about finances than students from other countries but have a stronger mindset toward handling money effectively. Notably, female students showed better financial understanding than male students. Students from top universities and those studying economics, management, science, and engineering also showed better financial skills. Moreover, more time learning about finances and having financially knowledgeable friends and family were linked to better financial skills. These insights are crucial for creating specific educational programs to improve money management skills among students in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal anaemia is a major public health problem. Developing maternal anaemia prevention and control policies is an important prerequisite for carrying out evidence‐based interventions. This article reviews maternal anaemia prevention and control policies in China, identifies gaps, and provides references for other countries. We examined policies concerning maternal nutrition and other related literature in China, identified through key databases and government websites, and conducted a narrative review of the relevant documentations guided by the Smith Policy‐Implementing‐Process framework. A total of 65 articles and documents were identified for analysis. We found that Chinese government has committed to reducing maternal anaemia at the policy level, with established objectives and a clear time frame. However, most of policies were not accompanied by operational guidelines, standardized interventions, and vigorous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and 85% of the policies don't have quantifiable objectives on anaemia. Maternal anaemia prevention and control services offered in clinical settings were primarily nutrition education and anaemia screening. Population‐based interventions such as iron fortification have yet to be scaled up. Furthermore, medical insurance schemes in some regions do not cover anaemia prevention and treatment, and in other regions that offer coverage, the reimbursement rate is low. The number and capacity of health professionals is also limited. Policy changes should focus on the integration of evidence‐based interventions into routine antenatal care services and public health service packages, standardization of dosages and provision of iron supplementation, streamline of reimbursement for outpatient expenses, and capacity building of health professionals. Key messages: The Government of China has established targets with a clear time frame for maternal anaemia prevention and control and identified several interventions at the national level.There are still gaps in policy‐binding forces, prevention strategies, reimbursement regulations of medical insurance schemes, and human resource.Policy changes should focus on the integration of evidence‐based interventions into routine antenatal care services and public health service packages, standardization of dosages and provision of iron supplementation, streamline of reimbursement for outpatient expenses, and capacity building of health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the backdrop of global aging, the escalating number of elderly individuals in poor health poses a growing social burden and impacts economic development and social stability. A fundamental question arises as to whether the advancements of digital finance (DF) can effectively enhance the physical health of the elderly. This study aims to investigate the impact of DF on the physical health of the elderly by utilizing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2013, 2015, and 2018. The results reveal a significant positive impact of DF on enhancing the physical health of the elderly. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that this impact is particularly pronounced among the elderly with higher educational attainment, stronger intergenerational links, and those residing in central cities. A mechanism analysis further reveals that DF contributes to improving the physical health of the elderly by augmenting household disposable income, alleviating liquidity constraints, and enhancing the utilization of medical services. These findings offer valuable insights for the future development of DF and the implementation of policies promoting healthy aging and active aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults are at high risk of experiencing economic abuse—a form of intimate partner violence (IPV)—and Chinese young adults in non-marital cohabitation are especially vulnerable. To reduce economic abuse, an important question to answer is: What factors are associated with economic abuse? After controlling for constructs (e.g., demographic information and other types of IPV) that were linked to economic abuse, we investigated how financial behaviors (i.e., individuals' money management capability) were associated with power (im)balance (i.e., whether individuals shared equal influence with the romantic partner) and, in turn, economic abuse among non-marital cohabitating Chinese young adults. We also investigated whether associations among financial behaviors, power (im)balance, and economic abuse varied across young adults' gender and SES. We used a Qualtrics survey to collect data from 445 non-marital cohabitating Chinese young adults (53.3% male vs. 46.7% female; 22.7% lower socioeconomic status [SES] vs. 77.3% higher-SES). A structural equation model was conducted to test the associations of research interests. We found that money management capability (e.g., spending within budget and tracking expenses) is associated with balanced power—the individual sharing equal influence with the partner in the decision-making process—and, in turn, less experience of being economically abused. These associations were statistically equivalent across gender and SES. Collectively, our findings suggested that promoting money management capability be a timely and new avenue for reducing economic abuse among Chinese young adults in non-marital cohabitation, possibly because this population faces common and severe economic abuse but generally lacks the opportunity to learn money management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the phenomenon of "financing is difficult and expensive" for MSEs, this paper empirically investigated the influencing mechanism of the credit demand side characteristics on the financing constraints of MSEs based on the information conveyance perspective. The conclusions show that MSEs in China are severely suffering from financing constraints and 57.17% and 50.00% of MSEs with credit demand have not applied for loans from formal and informal financing channels, respectively. In terms of enterprise characteristics, MSEs have low asset size, short establishment history, weak profitability, and lack of tools such as fixed assets, complete financial management system, professional technicians, and private brands to convey risk information to financing institutions, which are key factors resulting in their financing constraints. In terms of owner characteristics, young owners lack financing experience and convey higher risk information to financing institutions; therefore, owners' age negatively influences the financing constraints of MSEs. These findings suggest that banks can use big data credit technology as a tool to obtain risk information about MSEs, and the government should implement diversified interventions to improve the information environment in financial markets. These findings provide empirical evidence for banks and governments to address the financing constraints of MSEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION China enacted an excise tax on e-cigarettes in November 2022, which offers a distinctive opportunity to examine the industry's reactions to this fiscal adjustment. This study delves into the industry's pricing strategies following the introduction of the excise tax, facilitating a thorough assessment of the subsequent impact on market dynamics and the government's revenue streams. METHODS We developed a TaXSiM model specifically tailored for e-cigarettes in China by integrating the country's e-cigarette tax framework. Our approach involved leveraging market data obtained from a representative product, the RELX Phantom Series, to ensure the model's effectiveness and relevance. RESULTS The excise implementation of 2022 significantly heightened the tax burden on e-cigarettes, marking an increase of approximately 150 RMB per device and 19 RMB per cartridge. Despite these financial pressures, electronic cigarette firms exemplified by RELX, strategically endeavored to sustain competitiveness. Their approach involved initially implementing a 'Razor blade model' and eventually a 'comprehensive under-shifting' strategy, which mitigated the health impact of the tax hike, resulting in a relatively minor decline in sales while amplifying the impact on tax revenue. However, this strategic pricing maneuver came at a cost, as it led to a substantial decrease in profits, and therefore expedited a reshuffling of the industry by compelling smaller brands to leave the market rapidly. CONCLUSIONS To effectively curb the use of e-cigarettes through tax policies, it is advisable to relocate the imposition of excise taxes on electronic cigarettes to the retail stage. This shift aims to narrow the scope for industry-level pricing strategies. Furthermore, this approach should be coupled with the introduction of an additional specific tax, strategically crafted to accentuate the health-related benefits associated with the excise taxation on electronic cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic downturn has led to a variety of challenges for higher education institutions, including budget cuts and a heightened focus on efficiency and effectiveness. Performance-based budgeting is gaining traction as a means of more efficiently allocating resources, and Chinese public universities are not an exemption. The main purpose of this study was to look into the relationship between political influence, financial pressure, performance-based budgeting, and university performance in China. It also explored power dynamics in Chinese public universities. 271 participants were chosen using a purposive sampling technique. This study employed a multimethod approach combining necessary condition analysis (NCA), the PROCESS macro, and partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Furthermore, this study employed a novel technique (the Johnson-Neyman technique) to show the exact scope of the moderation effect. The findings of the PLS-SEM showed that performance-based budgeting is positively related to university performance and acts as a mediator between selected variables, and it also indicated that the moderated mediation model is validated in Chinese public universities. The NCA results showed that performance-based budgeting, political influence, and financial pressure are all important necessary conditions for university performance. Meanwhile, the outcomes of PLS-SEM and NCA showed how researchers and practitioners can pinpoint key elements that affect university performance and produce the best outcomes. Overall, this study provides useful information about the implementation of performance-based budgeting in higher education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of green human resource management (HRM) has drawn increasing attention of HRM scholars in the past decade. Recent research has called for more studies to identify the antecedents of green HRM used in organizations and explore the mediating mechanisms through which green HRM is related to performance outcomes. This study represents an effort to address these research needs by examining the joint effects of chief executive officer (CEO) environmental belief and external pollution severity on the use of green HRM and testing the mediating role of employee environmental commitment in the relationship between green HRM and firm performance. Drawing upon data collected from multiple sources (i.e., survey data from chief executive officer (CEOs), chief financial officers (CFOs), HR managers and employees, and archival data from government statistics), we found that CEO's environmental belief is significantly related to the use of green HRM, especially for companies operating in locations with severer pollution. Green HRM in turn has a positive relationship with the firm's environmental and financial performances via employee commitment to the environment. The findings highlight the often‐overlooked role of in the strategic HRM literature pertinent to environmental management and clarify the antecedents and influential mechanisms of green HRM at the firm level of analysis. We also discuss theoretical and practical implications in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. As part of the efforts to build a practical, effective, and diversified medical insurance payment method, it is crucial for China to deepen the reform of ambulatory patient groups (APGs). This study was aimed to explore the mechanism and effect of this policy from three dimensions, including medical expenses, medical insurance funds, and medical services. Methods. In 2020, China's pilot reform of APG was initiated in Jinhua City, Zhejiang Province. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and OLS regression analysis were utilized to evaluate the effect of the APG reform in Jinhua. Results. The implementation of the reform can contribute significantly to establishing a comprehensive medical service governance mechanism of classified settlement and coordinated promotion. It also plays a critical role in safeguarding people's lives and health by promoting the high-level development of medical insurance systems and public hospitals, optimizing the quality of medical services, and improving the efficiency of medical insurance funds. Conclusion. Through the lens of policy evaluation, our findings can provide useful experience for the implementation of the outpatient medical insurance payment method in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the significant impact of COVID-19, financial markets in various countries have undergone drastic fluctuations. Accurately measuring risk in the financial market and mastering the changing rules of the stock market are of great importance to macro-control and financial market management of the government. This paper focuses on the return rate of the Shanghai Composite Index. Using the SGED-EGARCH(1,1) model as a foundation, a quantile regression is introduced to establish the QR-SGED-EGARCH(1,1) model. Further, the corresponding value at risk (VaR) is calculated for a crisis and stable period within each model. To better compare the models, the Cornish-Fisher expansion model is included for comparison. According to the Kupiec test, VaR values calculated by the QR-SGED-EGARCH(1,1) model are superior to other models at different confidence levels most of the time. In addition, to account for the VaR method's inability to effectively measure tail extreme risk, the expected shortfall (ES) method is introduced. The constructed model is used to calculate the corresponding ES values during different periods. According to the evaluation index, the ES values calculated by the QR-SGED-EGARCH(1,1) model have a better effect during a crisis period with the model showing higher accuracy and robustness. It is of great significance for China to better measure financial risk under the impact of a sudden crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of connected institutional investors on stock price crash risk. We document that the closer institutions are to the central position of the network, the greater the stock price crash risk, whereas the closer they are to the intermediary position, the smaller the stock price crash risk. Such results remain strong after conducting several robustness checks. Further evidences demonstrate that the collusion effect of central position, which is more pronounced for firms with higher insider ownership concentration, lower institutional ownership and lower regional marketization index, works through managers' asymmetric news disclosure, whereas the monitoring effect of intermediary position, which is more pronounced for firms with higher insider ownership concentration, higher institutional ownership and lower regional marketization index, works through better informativeness and control. Overall, our analyses provide insights into the relation between social embeddedness of individual economic activities and corporate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies on corporate misconduct have focused mainly on preventing misconduct or remedying it after detection, but it remains unclear how misconduct can be effectively detected in the first place once it occurs. We apply the good faith perspective in the context of China, which represents a weak institutional environment, and argue that the ability of culpable leaders to conceal information may delay misconduct disclosure because such ability helps maintain the good faith of regulators. Moreover, we argue that because the regulators have faith in professionals (external auditors, institutional investors, and securities analysts) whose skills are in fact often underdeveloped in detecting misconduct in weak institutional environments, the impact of managerial concealment on disclosure delay becomes stronger when fraudulent firms are followed by such professionals. Using a sample of Chinese public firms involved in financial misconduct, we find support for these arguments—that is, compartmentalization in governance positions, which enhances culpable leaders' ability to conceal misconduct, delays public disclosure by regulators. Furthermore, the relationship becomes stronger when the misconduct goes undetected by credible professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate cash holdings have received increased attention from researchers and practitioners as cash management is a crucial task for executives. Holding too much cash can result in low returns and mismanagement by managers. Conversely, holding low cash reserves can lead to missed investment opportunities. The present study examines the relationship between board governance, financial constraints, and corporate cash holdings. The robust fixed-effects method is used in this study to analyze 860 A-listed firms in China from 2005 to 2020. An index is designed to measure board effectiveness, while financial constraints are measured using Z-score, the Kaplan and Zingales index, and the SA index. The major findings document that the financially less constrained firms hold more cash when there is an effective board governance. Furthermore, financially less constrained firms have more robust board governance to minimize the agency concerns of managers and shareholders. This research provides an inference for stockholders' activism connected to the cash holdings of the financially constrained and less constrained companies. The findings offer useful policy implications for stakeholders to reform contemporary cash holding policies. Specifically, understanding the role of an effective governance system for financially less constrained firms would help minimize the potential agency conflict. JEL Classification: G34, O16, G32, F34 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper seeks to understand whether the current basic endowment insurance policy has properly played the role of supporting the elderly needs through intergenerational support within the family. Theoretically, there are problems of the imbalanced structure of pension security, retirees' comparatively higher pension and the low-level security of young people's in-service income, and drawbacks of the existing endowment insurance system, both have a certain causal relationship with "gnawing the old." Data on China's family tracking survey in 2016 (CFPS2016), Probit model, IV and PSM robustness testing methods were also used to study the relationship between parents' pensions and their grownup children's "gnawing-the-old" behavior. The results show that: (1) Compared with young people from families without pension income, those with pensioned parent(s) will less possibly choose to work; the parents' financial assistance behavior would restrain the children's intention to work and increase the possibility of "gnawing the old"; (2) Neither the amount of pension income nor financial assistance given to the children is significantly related to young people's "gnawing the old"; (3) Young people's "gnawing the old" behaviors are different according to their parents' professions and living areas; (4) The gap between parents' pension income and children's in-service income also adds to the causes of "gnawing the old." The policy implications of these findings are discussed particularly the formulation of a scientific mechanism for pension income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have assumed that Westerners exercise higher job autonomy than Easterners. However, recent studies have reported mixed and even contradictory findings. The authors distinguish between two types of job autonomy, namely goal and execution autonomy, to examine the relevant cultural differences. The former denotes participation in setting work goals and making plans for meeting those goals, while the latter denotes the ability to complete tasks flexibly. Four studies with a total sample of 1192 participants working in financial or insurance companies were conducted. Study 1a generated items for a new measure of the two types of job autonomy and explored its factor structure. Studies 1b and 1c verified its construct validity and predictive capacity. Study 2 confirmed the structural and metric equivalence of the measure between samples from the United Kingdom and China. The results of Study 2 suggested that the Chinese workers were likely to have high execution autonomy but low goal autonomy, whereas the British workers tended to have high goal autonomy but low execution autonomy. The theoretical and practical implications of job autonomy in cross‐cultural contexts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to establish the organizational and financial aspects of managing tourism enterprises within national parks using the examples of China and Kyrgyzstan. Effective management of tourism enterprises within natural parks requires a meticulously balanced approach in allocating financial resources. The proposed distribution system forms the foundation for harmonizing the development of tourism infrastructure and the comprehensive management of natural assets. Conclusions drawn from the investigation of national parks in China and Kyrgyzstan highlight the contrast in management and financing approaches between economically developed countries and those in developmental stages, necessitating systemic solutions to support the industry. Against the backdrop of global pandemic constraints, the fundamentals of tourism management have shifted, impacting tourist flows and profitability while simultaneously revealing prospects for future sustainable growth. The proposed organizational and management scheme crafts a strategic plan to navigate the financial aspects of managing tourism enterprises within national parks. This innovative scheme is adaptable to the dynamic financial challenges inherent in the ecotourism field. The ecotourism management scheme effectively segregates the intricacies of financial management into two distinct yet interconnected domains: tourism management and natural asset management. The former encompasses financial aspects related to reservations and operational activities, while the latter concentrates on biodiversity conservation, fostering collaboration with local communities, preserving cultural heritage, and implementing agrarian reforms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China's shadow banking has developed in full swing, showing a trend of expanding scale. The vigorous development of shadow banking reflects the transformation of China's financial industry from a single traditional bank to a new financial industry that provides customers with comprehensive financial services such as financing, financial management, risk management, payment and settlement. In this transformation, the systematic risk of shadow banking does not lie in the shadow banking system itself, nor is it the inherent defect of shadow banking. The root of the risk lies in the regulatory loopholes of the existing banking regulatory system. Therefore, from the perspective of local supervision under the decentralization of central government, this paper relies on the specific shadow banking business of bank-trust cooperation, adheres to macro-prudential supervision to prevent systemic risks, improves the information statistics and information sharing mechanism, supervision and management coordination mechanism of shadow banking, and establishes a risk rating mechanism for shadow banking to improve the transparency of shadow banking operation. The construction of shadow banking supporting mechanism under the decentralization of central government shall be improved, and the local financial supervision system of shadow banking shall be established and improved in line with China's reality to balance "financial innovation" and "effective supervision" and to achieve the unity of safety, efficiency and fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of green credit on digital technology innovation in China, focusing on the influence of financialization and regional heterogeneity. Existing research primarily explores factors like government subsidies, economic growth, and environmental regulations, and there is a lack of critical analysis on the influence of green credit on digital technology innovations. To examine the internal mechanisms linking green credit to digital technology innovation, this study uses panel data from 271 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2000 to 2020. Our findings suggest that the availability of green credit and the level of financialization have a significant positive effect on technology innovation, particularly in regions with higher economic development. However, we also find that the impact of green credit and financialization on technology innovation varies across different regions of China. Study findings reveal that green credit bolsters both the quantity and quality of digital technology innovation, emerging as a significant driver for green innovations in China. This conclusion holds even after endogeneity tests. The heterogeneous analysis highlights that various aspects of green credit, such as coverage scope, usage intensity, and digitization level, can enhance digital technology innovations. Western cities demonstrate the most considerable positive effects, followed by central cities, while the weakest impact occurs in eastern cities. Green credit primarily promotes digital technology innovation indirectly by alleviating financing constraints. These empirical findings provide valuable policy insights for fostering a harmonious relationship between China's urban green credit facilities and green financial growth, thereby addressing the funding limitations green credit enterprises face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the 2015 wave of the China Household Finance Survey (N ≈ 12,100), this study used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between socioeconomic conditions (i.e., educational attainments, hukou status, and household financial assets per capita) and financial fraud victimization among Chinese older adults and the mediating roles of financial literacy and financial attitudes (i.e., interest in financial matters and risk tolerance). We found that although neither educational attainment nor hukou status was directly related to financial fraud victimization, household financial assets per capita was postively associated with the risk of financial fraud victimization. In addition, higher educational attainment, urban hukou, and more financial assets per capita were associated with more risk of financial fraud victimization through higher levels of financial literacy and higher interest in financial matters. Implications for preventing and protecting Chinese older adults from financial fraud victimization are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of information and communications technology (ICT) has increased across all regions and age groups. However, little research has examined older adults' use of ICT for different purposes. To address this research gap, the current study investigates the effects of ICT use for four purposes – social, leisure, financial, and medical – on the well-being of older adults. Most importantly, this study explores whether social support from friends may account for the observed positive effects of ICT use for social and leisure purposes. A total of 525 Hong Kong Chinese adults aged 60 and above (Mage = 68.7, SD = 6.27, Range = 60–100 years) completed an interview session to measure their ICT use for various purposes, social support from friends, and well-being indicators, including life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions and cognitive functioning. The results demonstrate that ICT use for all four purposes was associated with more frequent positive emotions and improved cognitive functioning. Moreover, ICT use for leisure and financial purposes was associated with higher levels of life satisfaction and fewer negative emotions. Social support was found to partially account for the effects of ICT use for social and leisure purposes on life satisfaction and positive emotions. These findings suggest that ICT use for all purposes is beneficial to older adults, and that ICT use may improve the emotional well-being of older adults by allowing for greater support from friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article first describes the embedded voice processing process and uses the two-door restriction method for endpoint detection. Next, the wavelet + MFCC algorithm is proposed. The Fourier transform will replace it with ripple. The disadvantage of the ripple is that the size of the Fourier transform window cannot move with frequency. On this basis, the overall goal of the system is proposed, the overall structure is constructed, and the functions of the system are divided. Android mobile phone data collection technology has been extensively researched, including logical search, temporary access to permissions, JTAG search and ISP search. The design and implementation of the logical search engine based on root authority, the physical search engine based on Qualcomm processor, and the data analysis system have been completed, and the evidence collection of e-commerce applications has been completed. Based on the digital forensics system, this article studies and designs an Android device digital forensics system suitable for China's national conditions and laws from the three perspectives of data collection, analysis and storage. At the same time, brainstorming methods must be used between corporate financial management and cost management personnel. Finally, through research, scientifically construct the framework of the financial cost management system, distinguish the various requirements of the construction system, classify the importance, urgency, and feasibility of the requirements, establish the basic requirements and extension requirements, set the demand function to complete the schedule and Perform as planned. Through the research of embedded voice and digital forensics system, this paper applies it to the research of financial cost management, thereby promoting the development of enterprise financial management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the capital market in China and the growing number of media companies have determined the expansion of ways to finance them: the growth of the financial market is due to the provision of services for the cultural industry, and companies in this sphere need to use the capabilities of the financial market to obtain funds. The use of multiple linear regression for empirical analysis has shown that the following factors demonstrate a significant positive correlation: non‐debt tax shield, growth and ratio of assets to liabilities; company size, growth and long‐term liabilities ratio; company size, volatility and current liabilities ratio. The results of the study are of statistical significance, they are recommended for use in future empirical studies by scientists, for representatives of government bodies in the field of culture and media in China that develop measures to optimize financing of this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inclusive digital financial services should welcome older populations and make them beneficiaries of the digital and financial revolution. To understand older adults' experience of using digital financial tools, we conducted an online survey of 268 older internet users aged 60 or above from urban areas of 14 Chinese provinces after China's nationwide COVID-19 lockdown in 2021. Our results revealed that older internet surfers were active in digital financial activities and engaged most with activities that were highly compatible with their lifestyles. Active users significantly differed from inactive users in sociodemographics, confirming that a digital divide related to social stratification exists among older internet users. Digital finance active users were also distinguished from inactive users' attitudes and perceptions toward digital finance. Logistic regression results indicated that perceived usefulness, access to proper devices for digital finance, risk perceptions, and perceived exclusion if not using technology were associated with their adoption of these advanced tools. Older adults reported the perceived inconvenience of in-person financial services during the lockdown. They also expressed a willingness to participate in relevant training if provided. The findings of this study could help aging-related practitioners to understand older adults' engagement in digital finance and guide policy and project design in the area of financial inclusion of the aging population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines performance of provincial health‐care system in China, using a dynamic network data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. We focus on efficiency improvements both within provincial health‐care system and within two separate internal sub‐divisions. The administration division engages in financial management while the medical care division provides medical care services. Then there are two main results. First, the average overall efficiency score of provincial health‐care system is 0.9316 from 2010 to 2017. Second, the productivity progress in administration division is lower than that in medical care division, and the technical advances contribute most of the productivity progress. The research gap and the innovation of this paper lie in three aspects: First, this paper opens the black box of health production function and use the network DEA to analyze Chinese provincial health‐care system and its inner two constructs. Second, this paper discusses the efficiency scores as well as dynamic changes in one model. Finally, this paper tries to reveal the regional heterogeneity of static efficiency as well as the dynamic efficiency changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What can an organization do to survive when its existence is a problem for political institutions? Drawing information from China's futures market, we address this question through analysing forms of corporate political activity (CPA) among the nation's 'red capitalists', notably using CPA concepts to decode power dynamics between Chinese financial organizations and the state. Deploying a multi-method, longitudinal and reflexive case approach, we explain how a 'rogue' futures exchange was targeted by a major regulatory crackdown, yet ostensibly survived; principally by negotiating new forms of institutional control. This saw the enrolling of state actors and resources to shape politically acceptable forms of corporate behaviour, a process framed theoretically through the concept of voluntary co-optation ; or the strategic steps the focal organization took to yield power to the state in return for enhanced corporate legitimacy. Constructing a two-phase empirical account, including detailed diagrammatic explanations, the article assesses how a range of lobbying-oriented and guanxi -related practices influenced the organization in repositioning and reconstructing itself through progressive strategic acquiescence, as forces of political capital ('whom you know') and intellectual capital ('what you know') combined to shape the firm's decision responses and bolster its functional credibility amid a hostile institutional climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is still being revealed, and little is known about the effect of COVID-19-induced outpatient and inpatient losses on hospital operations in many counties. Hence, we aimed to explore whether hospitals adopted profit compensation activities after the 2020 first-wave outbreak of COVID-19 in China. A total of 2,616,589 hospitalization records from 2018, 2019, and 2020 were extracted from 36 tertiary hospitals in a western province in China; we applied a difference-in-differences event study design to estimate the dynamic effect of COVID-19 on hospitalized patients' total expenses before and after the last confirmed case. We found that average total expenses for each patient increased by 8.7% to 16.7% in the first 25 weeks after the city reopened and hospital admissions returned to normal. Our findings emphasize that the increase in total inpatient expenses was mainly covered by claiming expenses from health insurance and was largely driven by an increase in the expenses for laboratory tests and medical consumables. Our study documents that there were profit compensation activities in hospitals after the 2020 first-wave outbreak of COVID-19 in China, which was driven by the loss of hospitalization admissions during this wave outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China, as a traditional patriarchal society, provides an excellent context to examine whether and how increased financial independence of women may influence intimate partner violence. This study examines how financial independence influences Chinese women's victimization experiences of physical violence, psychological violence, controlling behavior, and sexual abuse. Data were collected from 600 married or divorced women aged between 20 and 60, who resided in a large metropolitan area in Southern China. Results indicated that while physical violence is reduced by women's financial independence, other forms of connective IPV against women are suggested as expressions of men's desire to keep financially independent women in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the era of "Internet plus," the world economy is becoming more and more globalized and informationalized. China's enterprises are facing unprecedented opportunities for their operation and development. However, it is also facing the financial uncertainties brought about by the fluctuations of the general economic environment, and the company is facing increasing financial risks. The reason why most enterprises encounter a serious financial crisis or even close down in the later stage is that they do not pay full attention to the initial financial problems and do not take effective measures to deal with the crisis in time. Financial risk warning has become an important part of modern enterprise financial management. This paper mainly puts forward the optimized BP neural system as the financial early warning model and ensures its high prediction accuracy. In the research, the operation principle and related reasoning process of the model are described, its shortcomings are analyzed, and solutions are put forward. Through the financial risk analysis of listed companies from 2017 to 2020, we find that the correct rate of the prediction results of the financial distress of normal companies in the selected companies based on the optimized BPNN has reached more than 80%, which proves the effectiveness of the optimized BPNN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the reality of China, we divide Internet finance into four parts as Internet payment services, Internet financing services, Internet financial management services, and online banking business of traditional commercial banks, to discuss the impact of Internet finance on the profit efficiency of commercial banks. Our theoretical analysis shows that the external impact of Internet finance will reduce the profit of commercial banks, but Internet financing and Internet financial management have less influence, and the financial Internet business can improve the profit efficiency of commercial banks to some extent. An empirical test of Chinese data provides support for these predictions, it suggests that the estimated impact is significant and robust. Furthermore, differences in ownerships and profit efficiency of commercial banks will be at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between property law and economic development. Also cited are the claims by scholars like Jeremy Bentham, Douglass North, and Adam Smith that protecting property rights is important in achieving economic growth and wealth accumulation, and the case of China, which achieved economic development despite its redistributive policy and alleged lack of focus on protecting property rights.

Existing studies suggest that land financing has given rise to entrepreneurial governance in China because local governments act like entrepreneurs to capture land value appreciation. However, the new land reserve institution has recently forbidden local governments from using land as collateral and centralized the financial management of land reserve projects. Given this profound change in land institutions, we ask whether local governments have become less entrepreneurial. This paper investigates the Shanghai Land Reserve Centre. The funding restriction and declining land profitability make it more challenging to generate land revenue. However, the local government is now adapting to the new land reserve institution, developing new entrepreneurial tactics, and treating land investment as a recurrent income stream. Facing the conjuncture of alarming local government debts, re-centralizing state control, and structural limits of land finance, local governments' entrepreneurial stance is not eliminated, but their entrepreneurial practices are reshaped. Theoretically, this paper contributes to understanding how urban entrepreneurialism evolves in response to changing political and economic conjunctures. • A framework for understanding governance transformation: conjunctures-incentives-tactics. • The new land reserve institution transforms local land-based entrepreneurial tactics. • Declining profitability of land finance based on project-level dataset in Shanghai. • Land incentive is reshaped to use land to trigger a long-term investment stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As government reform continues to progress, institutions are also involved in this wave of reform. To be specific, there have been changes in both the structure and scope of operations of institutions. The continuous improvement of the socialist market system has further stimulated the reform of financial management. Nowadays, unlike enterprises, the financial management system of institutions is backward and the subjective nature of financial management is poor, which is far from meeting the needs of reform and development. As a result, in order to enhance the efficiency of the use of funds in institutions, financial management should adapt to the needs of reform and development and follow the trend of reform. In addition, the financial management system should adapt to the development of the times and the concept of financial management should keep pace with the times. Furthermore, with the reform of China's political system and the rapid development of the market economy, there are more and more uncertainties in the management of the daily affairs of the grassroots institutions, which brings more and more pressure on the management of local financial affairs. As a result, in order to improve the efficiency of grassroots financial management and effectively adjust the financial management activities of government and departments at all levels, the transition from manual income and expenditure management to information technology has become an inevitable trend. To perform public duties, the important material basis of business units is fixed assets. In recent years, with the increasing proportion of fixed assets in the total assets of the society, the problems of fixed asset management in institutions have become more and more obvious, such as focusing on the management of budgetary funds but neglecting the management of fixed assets, irregular basic work, disconnection between business and financial management, unbalanced allocation, low efficiency in use, and low activation rate of fixed assets, as well as even loss of fixed assets. Financial management performance evaluation has achieved some research and practical results. As an extended field, performance evaluation of state-owned asset management is gradually being emphasized by theoretical and practical circles. As a public service function of institutions, it is necessary to have a material basis to perform. Performance evaluation of state-owned asset management in institutions can improve the level of asset management, achieve higher management performance, and ultimately realize the purpose of providing high-quality public services needed by society. As a result, this study takes this as the starting point to establish a performance evaluation model around the financial performance management funds of institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of financial management is to manage the purchase and sale of assets, the rational financing of funds, the management of cash flow in operations, and finally, the reasonable distribution of company profits in a certain task situation, which is simply the management of the "three statements" of the enterprise. The core issue of the financial mechanism is how to choose a centralized or decentralized management model, which requires the company to consider the internal and external environment, and according to the development of the company, the quality of employees and business characteristics of various factors, in order to make the best choice of the company's financial management model. Therefore, in the context of the epidemic, this article conducts research related to the financial management of listed companies based on convolutional neural network models (radial basis neural network, generalized regression neural network, wavelet neural network, and fuzzy neural network). This article, firstly, discusses the basic theories of macro- and micro-financial management of enterprises and financial management of listed enterprises, secondly, examines the overall financial management model of listed enterprises in China through methods such as the convolutional neural network model research method introduced in this article, and then, after an overall examination and analysis of the financial management situation of X-listed enterprises, finds the macro- and micro-status quo of financial management of listed enterprises in China under the epidemic, and in the sub. On the basis of the status quo, suggestions are made to build a financial management model that combines centralization and decentralization and to build a group financial risk management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial fraud arises from the exaggeration of business interests, and an accurate detection or prediction is a useful tool for both corporate management and capital market systems. A collection of computer technologies has been made on this problem so far, and one of the most important solutions is unsupervised learning algorithms. Among them, most approaches work by analysing the internal relations in financial data and finding a new description of non‐fraud firms. However, current studies focus a lot on the geometry attribute of financial data, while overlooking the obvious behaviour patterns and peer effects among firms. This has limited the accuracy of representation and furthermore the detection performance. In this work, a very general class of functions is allowed to represent firms, constraining them by peer effects between firms and presenting an error‐distribution‐based financial fraud firm detection approach. Experimental results have shown great performance of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bank liquidity creation fosters economic growth while entailing liquidity mismatch risk. This study explores whether improving bank efficiency during liquidity creation can mitigate systemic risks. We propose a bank liquidity creation efficiency measure based on a stochastic frontier approach to analyze Chinese commercial listed banks from 2000-2021. Through systemic risk decomposition, we find that higher profit efficiency alleviates individual tail risk but strengthens system linkage for Chinese banks, representing a double-edged effect. Further analysis reveals that high profit efficiency is associated with more investment in real estate and higher risk-taking on loans. Banks' digital transformation can help alleviate the dilemma of being too connected to the system. The results provide implications for emerging markets to prevent risk and promote economic growth., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Tan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

This paper, starting from the effects of financial regulatory policies, considers the interaction between Chengxin_Moody and Lianhe_Fitch with the dual rating system and the multi-rating system, constructs a new ordered Logit model, and attempts to explore the impact of the Notice, the dual rating system and the multiple rating system on the probability of Chinese corporate bond defaults, rating upgrades, rating downgrades, and the magnitude of credit rating migrations. This study compares the effectiveness of different rating regulatory systems. Using nine thousand two hundred and sixty-two data of Chinese corporate bonds as the research samples. Empirical analysis and robustness test reveal the following findings: (1) The issuance of the Notice has a significant positive effect on the implementation of both the dual rating system and the multiple rating system, with a greater impact on the implementation of the multiple rating system; (2) The issuance of the Notice, along with the dual rating system and the multiple rating system, can all reduce the probability of corporate bond defaults, with the multiple rating system showing the best preventive effect against corporate bond defaults; (3) The dual rating system is more effective in promoting rating agencies to adjust rating behaviors, accurately correcting corporate bond ratings and effectively alleviating the issue of rating inflation. Competition among rating agencies intensifies rating shopping; (4) Under the dual rating system, rating agencies are more likely to expand the magnitude of credit rating upgrades and downgrades, enhancing the differentiation between high-quality corporate bonds and junk corporate bonds; (5) The selection of rating information from Chengxin_Moody and Lianhe_Fitch can appropriately adjust the degree of flexibility or tightening in response to rating regulatory systems. Chengxin_Moody demonstrates a more sensitive reaction compared to Lianhe_Fitch regarding the rating regulatory systems. This study provides valuable references for the formulation and evaluation of the effectiveness of Chinese corporate bond rating regulatory policies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Based on the panel data of Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and cities from 2012 to 2020, this paper explores the impact of financial spatial structure on household financial vulnerability and the moderating effect of financial regulation and financial technology from the perspective of the "local market effects" and "spatial spillover effects" of finance. It is indicated that: firstly, the "local market effects" and "spatial spillover effects" of financial spatial structure effectively alleviate household financial vulnerability and the conclusion is still hold true after conducting endogeneity analysis and a series of robustness test. Secondly, promoting household entrepreneurship, optimizing asset allocation, and enhancing residents' financial literacy are crucial channels through which financial spatial structure influences household financial vulnerability. Thirdly, financial regulation helps to build a fair and transparent financial market, thereby strengthening the positive effects of "local market effects" and "spatial spillover effects" of finance on household financial vulnerability. Financial technology has improved the quality and efficiency of traditional financial services, helping to further leverage the "local market effects" of finance, while it has no obvious impact on strengthening the "spatial spillover effects" of finance. By subdividing the application areas of financial technology, it is observed that the digitalization of payment and insurance businesses can help alleviate household financial vulnerability through the "spatial spillover effects" of finance., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Hang Gao. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

By utilizing China's 2016 Implementation Plan for the Specific Rectification of Internet Financial Risks as an exogenous shock, we employ a difference-in-differences identification strategy to investigate the impact of FinTech regulation on banks' risk-taking. Our findings indicate that FinTech regulation strengthens banks' deposit franchises and funding liquidity. As reliable and interest-rate-insensitive funding sources, higher deposit franchises weaken banks' incentives for risk-taking. Further analysis, conducted to control for the potential interference of other policies, confirms the stable incremental effect of FinTech regulation. Moreover, we find that FinTech regulation tends to benefit banks with higher capital buffers and smaller sizes from a triple difference (difference-in-difference-in-difference) analysis. By focusing on the external effects of FinTech regulation, we aim to shed light on how regulatory gaps impact the formal financial system and highlight the importance of effectively regulating emerging financial entities., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Throughout, the effects of related-party transactions (RPTs) have been a hot topic in financial markets and corporate governance research. This paper analyzes the theoretical foundation of the effects of RPTs and constructs a new indicator, the quasi-profit margin, to assess the effects of RPTs by studying their impact on the quasi-profit margin. Based on the information asymmetry between transaction parties and the information screening theory, the paper proposes the buying inferior to selling theory, systematically explaining the impact of transaction direction on the effects of RPTs. Subsequently, using panel data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2016 to 2021, the paper constructs fixed-effects models and conducts empirical studies from both exogenous and endogenous perspectives, employing estimation methods such as high dimensional fixed effects method, two-stage least squares method, and three-stage least squares method. The research indicates that RPTs of Chinese A-share listed companies generally exhibit a tunneling effect, and the transaction direction significantly affects the effects of RPTs. The higher the proportion of RPTs conducted as sellers to the total RPTs, the smaller the overall tunneling effect of the RPTs. This study has implications for reducing the tunneling risk of RPTs and improving corporate governance for listed companies, as well as providing some references for financial regulatory authorities to identify and rectify illegal RPTs., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Li, He. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

This paper analyzes the potential shortsightedness of enterprise managers through annual reports. Additionally, we use corporate financial statement data to measure enterprises over-financialization in terms of resource allocation. After testing with a causal inference model, we find that firms with managerial myopia significantly contribute to over-financialization. It remains robust even after the instrumental variable of whether the manager has experienced a famine is used. Furthermore, financial distress and financing constraints amplify the inclination of short-term-focused managers to amass greater financial assets., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)