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Wheel out of round, which has a significant influence on the ride comfort of vehicles, is very difficult to detect, especially for vehicles with rubber tires like a monorail. The prominent feature of wheel eccentricity caused by wheel out of round is that there will be a dominant frequency of the vehicle acceleration that varies with the speed of the vehicle, while the wavelengthes are all equal to the wheel circumference. By studying the experimental results of Chongqing straddle monorail, an indirect detection method of the wheel out of round is put forward. Then a simulation model of the monorail vehicle under the influence of the wheel out of round is established. The numerical analysis and experimental results lead to that the main reason for the abnormal vibration of the vehicle is the wheel out of round. Through the analysis of the vertical dynamic equation of the monorail system, all other factors that may affect the dominant frequency of vehicle vibration are analyzed. Finally, it is concluded this abnormal vibration caused by wheel out of round can only be reduced by increasing the vertical stiffness of the air spring and car body mass other than changing wheels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A total of 85 candidate MATE gene family members were identified in the radish genome and comprised 4 groups by phylogenetic analysis of MATE genes in carmine radish with relation to other species. • In all of the examined tissues, the expression levels of 4 RsMATE genes (e.g. RsMATE31-b , RsMATE37-a , RsMATE13-c and RsMATE42-b) accumulated (RPKM > 5), suggesting that these genes are crucial for tissue development in radish. • The expression patterns of fifteen key RsMATE genes were investigated in 'XCB' (Xichangbai) and 'HX' (Hongxin) roots under Cd stress for different treatment times using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which showed compared to HX, RsMATE49-b , RsMATE33 and RsMATE26 transcripts were strongly altered at different time points in XCB responsive to Cd stress. Subsequently, RsMATE40-b , RsMATE16-b and RsMATE13- a genes were significantly expressed under ABA and NaCl stress treatments. Carmine radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is famous for containing a natural red pigment (red radish pigment) that grown in Fuling, Chongqing City, China. MATE (multidrug and toxic compound extrusion), as an integral member of the multidrug efflux transporter family, has various functions in plants. However, no information has been available about characteristics of the MATE gene family in carmine radish. In this study, total of 85 candidate MATE gene family members classified into 4 groups were identified and found to be widely and randomly distributed in different genome. Synteny analysis revealed that twenty-one segmental and ten tandem duplications acted as important regulators for the expansion of RsMATE genes. The Ka/Ks ratios of RsMATE indicated that RsMATE may have undergone intense purification in the radish genome. Cis-acting element analysis of RsMATE in the promoter region indicated that RsMATE were mainly related to the abiotic stress response and phytohormone. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that RsMATE40-b , RsMATE16-b and RsMATE13-a genes were significantly expressed under ABA (abscisic acid) and NaCl stress treatments respectively. In addition, the expression patterns of fifteen key RsMATE genes were investigated in 'XCB' (Xichangbai) and 'HX' (Hongxin) roots under Cadmium (Cd) stress for different treatment times using qRT-PCR, of those, RsMATE49-b , RsMATE33 and RsMATE26 transcripts were strongly altered at different time points in XCB responsive to Cd stress,compared to HX. This study will provide valuable insights for studying the functional characterization of the MATE gene in carmine radish and other plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]