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This study analyzed the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential and cost of urban road transportation policies from a boarder perspective including tank-to-wheel (TTW) and well-to-wheel (WTW) assessments, with Chongqing in China taken as the case city. Three policies and two mixed policies, including improving the fuel economy of passenger cars, promoting electric vehicles (EVs), and promoting natural gas vehicles (NGVs), are analyzed in this study. The two groups of mixed policies are developed to analyze the interaction between the policies. The results indicate that all the policies will reduce TTW and WTW fuel consumption and GHG emissions from 2016 to 2035. During this period, promoting an NGV policy will have the smallest marginal abatement cost (MAC) but the smallest GHG reduction potential, and promoting an EV policy will have the largest MAC but the largest GHG reduction potential from TTW. However, considering the GHG emissions from upstream energy consumption, the GHG emission reduction from promoting the EV policy is reduced and that of improving the fuel economy via the motor vehicle policy will increase significantly, resulting in a larger MAC from WTW than from TTW. With the mixed policies, hedging effects impact fuel savings, GHG emission reductions, and MACs. We put forward some policy suggestions to provide a reference for the formulation and adjustment of China's urban road transportation policies to cost-effectively mitigate GHG emissions in the future. • A method to analyze the GHG reductions and cost-effectiveness of policies is given. • Interaction effects of mixed policy are analyzed. • A case study of a city in China, Chongqing, is conducted. • Policy implications are given based on the analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since China has put forward a series of obligatory Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets, provincial governments have issued provincial-level “Twelfth Five-Year” carbon intensity (CO 2 emissions/GDP) reduction targets. There are 653 cities distributed throughout the eastern, middle and western parts of China, and each region has different quotas and paths to reduce GHG emissions, while the western part has greater challenges than the others. This paper predicts CO 2 emission reduction potential of Chongqing, assesses the difficulty of achieving its CO 2 emission reduction targets, and analyses its low-carbon transition path. The results show that the carbon intensity of Chongqing in 2020 will range from 1.58 to 1.75 ton CO 2 /10 4 RMB, and there exist some scenarios with strong potential to meet carbon intensity reduction targets for 2020. Improved technology, energy efficiency, the optimization of energy input mix, and the adjustment of industrial structure are suggested to be major strategies to reach Chongqing’s carbon intensity targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]