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According to studies by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), tropical mountainous areas are experiencing increasingly unfavorable climatic conditions regarding geohazards due to a heightened occurrence of intense rainfall events. These climatic shifts contribute to heightened geological risks, notably an elevated frequency of landslides, exacerbating the challenges faced by these regions. There is an urgent need to understand and measure how rainfall variability affects geo-hydrological hazards, which remain difficult to determine and predict. The complex and non-linear space-time relationships and dynamics of rainfall, El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and landslides in the Tropical Andean Mountain region in Colombia require an adequate analysis and understanding of their link in terms of its spatial and temporal component at different scales. By evaluation in annual, seasonal, and monthly scales, additional insights on the relationships using a wavelet spectral analysis and a space-time permutation scan statistics method using SaTScan™ are provided. In this study, a space-time and frequency analysis of landslides using a 42-year (1981–2022) rainfall and Multivariate ENSO Index v2.0 time series is presented. According to the results, landslides closely aligned with rainfall patterns, exhibiting a bimodal annual cycle. The ENSO added complexity, with La Niña years leading to more frequent landslides throughout the year and El Niño years showing concentrated occurrences in specific months. This study highlights the influence of rainfall patterns and antecedent rainfall on landslide occurrence, the impact of ENSO phases on rainfall and landslides, and the increasing trend of landslides in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of this study was to establish the adherence of patients diagnosed with COPD by their devices for inhalation in a group of patients, Colombia.Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of patients treated in the Colombian health system. Adherence to inhalation devices was evaluated with the TAI-10 instrument (Inhaler Adherence Test). A score of 50 points was considered good adherence.Results: A total of 500 patients from 84 cities were identified, with a median age of 79.0 years, and 59.2% were women. A total of 45% had GOLD B COPD, and 56.6% had good adherence. Average adherence was 47.4± 5.3 points, and no significant differences were found according to inhalation devices (p=0.949). Training performed by specialist physicians (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.17– 2.62), use of an inhaler for less than 1 year (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.04– 2.43), use of short-acting β 2-adrenergic agonists (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.05– 2.38) and increased satisfaction with the inhalation device (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04– 1.14) were associated with good adherence, while those from the central region (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.36– 0.83), who had a COPD evolution time of less than 5 years (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37– 0.98) and had diabetes mellitus (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.37– 0.98) had lower adherence.Conclusion: Adherence to treatment with inhaled bronchodilators and glucocorticoids were not very high, with no significant differences by type of inhalation device. Satisfaction and training by specialists increased adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Libre Empresa is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work discusses some criteria for attributing criminal liability to business leaders for international crimes perpetrated in Colombia by illegal armed groups. Based on it, an attempt is made to stablish when the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP) can judge businessmen, since the Peace Agreement signed by the Colombian Government and the guerrilla group FARC-EP refers, somehow vaguely, to the "determining participation" of civilians in the crimes, as a standard to decide this point. Taking into consideration some relevant decisions for the development of the international criminal law, this article argues that the concept of complicity offers an appropriate framework for imputation in those cases. With the aim to separate the issue of jurisdiction from the question on the degree of individual criminal liability, it also proposes to distinguish between the contribution of a company to an armed group and the contribution of a person inside a company to the action of that company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigacion & Educacion en Enfermeria is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Enfermeria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since 4 September 2012, the official beginning of the peace process between the Colombian government and the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), there has been much discussion about the possible application of the doctrine of command responsibility in the prosecution of international crimes by national courts. However, the scope of this doctrine, as developed in international criminal law, should be differentiated from the notion of criminal liability by omission under the Colombian Criminal Code (CCC). This paper explores the forms of criminal liability and the factual hypothesis that the doctrine of command responsibility covers. It also examines some decisions of the Colombian courts in which the notion of criminal liability by omission of armed force members is applied (especially with regard to the general provision contained in article 25 CCC), indicating some legal problems that have arisen in this regard. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the doctrine of command responsibility and the general provision of article 25 CCC, though closely related, are not the same. In doing so, it claims that Colombian courts should apply norms of the criminal code’s special part to cover some factual hypothesis which are not covered by article 25 CCC, but still fall within the scope of the doctrine of command responsibility as defined, for example, in the Rome Statute. Finally, it maintains that the confusion of these two regimes of criminal liability could lead us to transfer into the Colombian legal system some of the problems faced in the application of international criminal law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prospectiva is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article pretends to highlight the needing of understanding articles 3° and 4° of the Colombian Criminal Code according to the constitutional principles that have been incorporated into the criminal law, where the proportionality must play a preponderant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author addresses the question concerning the political grounds for a criminal penalty imposition, which leads to analyze the content of articles 3 and 4 of the Colombian Criminal Code, where the principles of necessity, proportionality and reasoning in the imposition of the penalty are articulated with the purposes that are recognized to it by the Colombian law. By this, it is found that even article 3 restricts the necessity penalty's application by the judge, to the pre-established cases in the Criminal Code. Considering the distressing character of the penalty and its aptitude for the affectation of fundamental rights, the constitutional argumentation of the principles contained in article 3 must be required to the judge beyond the systematic and formal analysis that he can present about the "tipicidad", the "antijuridicidad" and the "culpabilidad". In consequence, in special cases in where it is possible to argue that the imposition of the penalty does not comply with these principles, the judge must be able to abstain from imposing the penalty or even graduate it below the legal minimum. In order to analyze the problem that has been presented, some theories about the purposes and necessity of the penalty are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term average river discharges as well as peak and low flows of different return periods are estimated along the entire river network of Colombia, through the conjoint use of the long-term water balance in the river basins and the framework of statistical scaling, taking the average flow field as the scaling variable. Estimation of the long-term water balance considers the spatial variability of hydrologic fields, in which drainage basins are considered the basic hydrological control volumes for estimation. A systematic effort has been made to estimate the long term average precipitation field combining rain gauge measurements with existing handmade expert maps as an input trend for a universal Kriging interpolation technique. Evaluation of estimates for actual and potential long-term evapotranspiration was implemented using diverse methods. Results were tested using the long term water balance equation against 200 streamflow gauging stations. No method for actual evapotranspiration showed significant superiority. Overall, we conclude that the magnitude of errors arises fundamentally from deficiencies in the data and the sparsity of the observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze from the recent thesis of the torts Law of the human rights, the doctrine of the jurisprudence of the Council of State in relation to the facts of the Palace of Justice, when the subversive group M-19 entered violently, taking like hostages to magistrates and employees, on the 6th and 7th of November, 1985, in Bogotá - Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saguinus leucopus is an endemic and monotypic primate of Colombia with quadrupedal arboreal locomotion, but the study of its morphological adaptations are still scarce, therefore the specific knowledge of its muscles will allow to understand these adaptations and to establish better medical and surgical procedures in order to preserve this species. For this purposes, the two forearms of 10 S. leucopus specimens were dissected, they were fixed within a formaldehyde solution, phenic acid and mineral oil mixture. Among the craniolateral muscles of the forearm two muscles were independent for digits IV and V. They presented form, origin and insertion suitable for individual extension of each digit, with innervation and irrigation by the cranial interosseous nerve and the homonymous artery respectively; they show similarities and differences with other primates, it allows to conclude that the development of these muscles could enable a particular anatomical and functional individualization in these digits extension, this feature makes possible its quadrupedal arboreal locomotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to the advance of information and communication technologies, children may be exposed to the phenomenon known as cyberbullying. The abundant literature and existing research confirm the interest that the consequences of cyberbullying can provoke in the mental health of adolescents. The aims of this work were: (1) To compare the figures of the difficulties in mental health and cyberbullying in adolescents from Spain and Colombia, (2) To analyse the relationship between mental health and being a high degree cyber-perpetrator or cyber-victim owing to mobile phones and Internet, in both countries. Method: A cross-sectional study was employed, in which 1,080 students from Colombia (11 to 17 years old) and 430 students from Spain (12 to 17 years old) participated through the SDQ, CYBVYC and CYBAGRESS questionnaires. T student, correlations, and the Kruskal Wallis test were used. Results: Difficulties in Emotional symptoms, Conduct problems, Hyperactivity, Peer problems, and the Total difficulties scores were higher in Colombia than in Spain. Colombian adolescents scored higher in cyber-victimization (CYBVYC-Internet) and cyber-perpetration (CYBAGRESS) than Spanish adolescents. However, cyber-victimisation (CYBVYC-Mobile) by way of mobile phone was higher in Spain. Moreover, those who had serious victim and serious perpetrator profiles (scores equal to or higher than the 95th percentile in the CYBAGRESS and CYBVYC scales) presented higher difficulties in Emotional symptoms, Conduct problems, Hyperactivity, and Peer problems than those who were not classified as pertaining to those profiles, in both countries. A positive and direct correlation between difficulties in mental health, cyber-victimisation, and cyber-perpetration exist, regardless of Internet or mobile phone use. Conclusions: Results show how cyberbullying has similar effects on the mental health of Spanish and Colombian teenagers. Finally, there exists a relationship between being a cyberbullying victim or perpetrator and obtaining a higher total score in mental health difficulties among adolescents in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The La Miel River watershed is an area of high hydrological interest in Colombia due to its abundant water resources, high annual precipitation, and hydroelectric power generation. This work proposes a sequential modeling framework to quantify the spatially and temporally variable groundwater recharge and to analyze its impact on piezometric fluctuations in the study area, where the groundwater flow is affected by geological faults. Water Modeling Framework (WMF) and HydroGeoSphere (HGS) models have been used to calculate groundwater recharge and distribution of hydraulic heads, respectively. Recharge computed with WMF is used as input to HGS to compare groundwater flow 1) with uniform and spatially variable recharge, 2) with and without discrete fractures, and 3) during dry and wet conditions. The results generate valuable knowledge for water resource management and highlight the importance of groundwater recharge estimation and a proper representation of fractured aquifers. • Distributed hydrological simulations to calculate groundwater recharge. • Comparison between uniform and spatio-temporally variable groundwater recharge. • Influence of regional faults on groundwater flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is a public health problem worldwide, with particular relevance in multi-transfusedpatients given that HCV is principally transmitted by exposure to infected blood. Study design: Between February and September 2003 a cross-sectional study was carried out in four hospital centres in Bogotá and Medellin, Colombia, to determine the risk factors for HCV infection in 500 multi-transfused patients. Results: The study population was distributed in five groups: haemophilia, haemodyalsis, acute bleeding, ontological illnesses and sickle cell disease or thalassemia. Serum samples from patients were tested for HCV antibodies (Asxym™, Abbott). An overall prevalence (9.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4–11.6) (45/500) of HCV infection was found. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 32.2% of patients with haemophilia, 6.1% of patients undergoing haemodialysis, 7.1% of patients with sickle cell disease or thalassemia, 2.6% of patients with acute bleeding and 3.4% of patients with ontological or hematological diseases. The main risk factors associated with infection by HCV were: to be hemophilic (odds ratio, OR = 18.03; 95% Cl: 3.96–114.17), havingreceived transfusions before 1995 (OR = 12.27; 95% Cl: 5.57–27.69), and having received more than 48 units of blood components (OR = 6.08; 95% CI: 3.06–12.1). In the multivariate analysis, only the year of transfusions (before 1995) remained significantly associated with risk of infection by HCV. Conclusions: The data show a 3-fold reduction in the infection risk between 1993 and 1995, when the serological screening for HCVin blood donors was being introduced. A reduction greater than 90% was achieved by 1995 when the screening coverage reached 99%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: Aedes-borne viruses (ABV) affect humans on every inhabited continent and frequently cause epidemics. Recent epidemics of chikungunya and Zika viruses (ZIKV) highlight that preparedness for future epidemics requires assessment of susceptibility, particularly among high-risk groups. We sought to determine immunity against the three major circulating ABV among pregnant women in an ABV-endemic area of Colombia., Methods: A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was performed, enrolling women presenting to Labor and Delivery. Cord blood and maternal peripheral blood samples were obtained. IgG seroprevalence to flaviviruses and chikungunya was determined by ELISA. An abbreviated neutralization test was used to estimate the frequency and magnitude of immunity to Zika and four dengue serotypes. Cluster analyses explored epidemiologic factors associated with seroprevalence., Results: Most women exhibited high levels of neutralizing antibodies to one or more ABV; however, nearly 20% were seronegative for flaviviruses. Our research took place after the epidemic peak of the ZIKV outbreak in Colombia in 2016. However, only 20% of pregnant women had high levels of Zika-neutralizing antibodies consistent with likely protective immunity to ZIKV., Conclusion: Hence, a high proportion of pregnant women in Risaralda remain susceptible to one or more ABV including the teratogenic ZIKV, indicating a risk for future epidemics in this region., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)