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This document uses the Phillips and Sul (2009) test to assess the hypothesis of convergence on educational achievement of public and private schools, at the municipal level, for the period 1980-2014. Even though the normativity and provision of public education is homogeneous across the country, we find that the educational attainment of the municipalities do not show evidence of global convergence. However, we find the existence of six convergence clubs. The first two clubs, which include the municipalities with the best performance, are mainly private institutions in the major metropolitan areas, while the latter three clubs are composed primarily for public institutions located on the Pacific coast and in the Caribbean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Criterio Libre is the property of Revista Criterio Libre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/Context: This article aims to explore conceptual, theoretical and analytical tools to study the diffusion of cultural diplomacy practices towards trade and cooperation spheres/fields. The reconfiguration of the global scene has generated a myriad of spheres, actors and practices that have transformed, expanded and renewed the diplomatic field; nevertheless, this aspect has been scarcely explored in current diplomatic analyses. Methodology: This article presents a qualitative comparative case study. We conducted semi-structured interviews and analyzed documentary sources to investigate the diffusion process of cultural diplomacy practices to international cooperation agencies and the bi-national chambers of commerce of South Korea and Japan in Colombia (2009-2018). We analyze how and why this diffusion process has occurredand what its implications are. Conclusions: We found that the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the countries deploying cultural diplomacy are the source of the explored diffusion processes. In the analyzed cases, learning and emulation were the diffusion mechanisms identified. As a result of this diffusion process, we argue that there has been aconvergence among different agendas. The institutions studied have become cultural diplomats because they have succeeded in blending their interests with the foreign policy objectives of the states they represent. Originality: At the theoretical level, our research findings extend preliminary approaches to the processes of diffusion within International Studies. At the empirical level, this article make progress in researching cases and actors relevant that to the understanding of the contemporary diplomatic phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While hypsodonty mostly is associated with medium to large body sizes in sigmodontine rodents, high-crowned molars combined with small bodies rarely are recorded. This latter condition is present in Neomicroxus (Sigmodontinae, incertae sedis), a genus of high-Andean cricetids also characterized by a noticeable set of cranial traits, including enlarged turbinals and rostrum, slanting zygomatic plate, and a marked backward displacement of the vertical ramus of the dentary, linked with an enlargement of the basicranial region. These morphological features, combined with the isolated position of this lineage in molecular-based phylogenies, indicate that Neomicroxus should be situated in a new tribe. We name and describe this Páramo novelty monotypic clade here. As a working hypothesis, the hypsodonty displayed by this group is considered an evolutionary response to continued volcanic ash falls that characterized the region during the Neogene. A reappraisal of tribe recognition within the two cricetid largest subfamilies, arvicolines and sigmodontines, is made, coupled with a discussion about the role of morphological convergence in "long-nose" cricetids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to identify the new possibilities of contents and technologies of digital books as communication and informational tools of last generation within the ICT. In addition, the position and receptivity of the new formats within the university publishing world in Colombia is evidenced. The process begins with a historical-contextual analysis for the comprehension of the book and the impact of the electronic format, passing through proactive methods to approach real approximations from the characteristics of the contents, typology of devices, specifications and developments for the screen-mediated reading to the hermeneutic reading of the different sources selected for the process: Interviews and conversations with editors, producers, designers and university publishing funds. From the instruments, surveys were designed for 25 editorial groups and 9 unstructured interviews with production companies and an in-depth interview model for university librarians. It is clarified that these instruments are part of a macro research, which also reviewed the role of the electronic book in the Colombian commercial sector, accompanied by 1,500 surveys throughout the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban configuration in Colombia shows a certain imbalance that goes away from the normal heterogeneity of order. There are several approaches to explain the regional development in the country, which particularity is the unidimensionality of the focus. In this paper we collect aspects remarked in the literature on the issue, aiming to establish an inequality rate from structural factors. The multivariate analysis and the spatial data analysis are used. The first one allows the construction of the rate in two census periods, 1993 and 2005, when several and profound institutional transformations took place in Colombia, and the second allows the demonstration of the regional cohesion exhibited by means of the spatial association of the municipalities in ecah factor and in the aggregate. The results indicate that, at least, decentralization brought a significant change in the municipalities. The local efforts are important, but could be marginal when the place is not a center or when there is no adequate hierarchy. The regional infrastructure and the responsibility on the resources and the local management must be strengthened, because their contribution to the region's situation is little. There is evidence of a weak regional cohesion and of a convergence process in this time and with this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Anagramas is the property of Editorial Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa guided its foreign economic policies to comply with the Washington Consensus measures and implemented strategies to attract foreign investment to their territories as a possible way out from the external debt crisis of the eighties. Once multilateral trade rules were agreed under the World Trade Organization (WTO), those countries encouraged its domestic trade policies to cope with both the organization principles and international investment standards promoted by the World Bank. After the CIVETS acronym was created in 2009 as a group of promissory emergent economies, transnational economic groups focused its attention on the "new investment miracles", but none interest has been shown by the CIVETS governments to coordinate its foreign economic policies in investment issues. The current Colombian administration self-claimed the leadership of the group, showing the political will to go further, but without followers CIVETS keeps as an acronym. I argue that emergent economies recognized in CIVETS exemplify a case of foreign economic policies convergence facilitated by systemic reasons, such their common necessity to overcome historic processes of economic transition and insert successfully to the world trade; as well as domestic variables such the ideas of the CIVETS decision policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audiences' fragmentation has been a recurrent concept used to depict media users' behavioral changes under the digital communication environment during the 21st Century. However, few research and empirical studies have been oriented to explain and understand this phenomenon in a deeper way. This research article explores the scope and the implications of fragmentation as a concept, based on an study conducted in Colombia among young people, between 17-24 years old, who live in the 10 most important urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the basis of the 2010-2014 Development Plan of Colombia considering three notions of equity: intergenerational, social and regional. The scope of each is limited. Intergenerational equity considers savings from a financial perspective, disregarding that the current investment may be a better form of protective against future uncertainty. Social equity gives undue importance to competitiveness and productivity, ignoring the potential of the Keynesian employment creation and, especially, of the positive impact on income distribution and wealth in the fight against poverty. On the other hand, regional equity, the innovative part of the Plan, falls short because, under the definition of regions, it ignores gravitational potential of the interactions between large cities and their surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gerencia Tecnologica Informatica is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gerencia Tecnologica Informatica is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Contabilidad is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes a framework for a regional economic policy in Colombia. The regional characteristics and disparities of the country are studied, and regional disparities are shown to be both significant and persistent over time. This calls for a policy initiative to promote the development of the poorer regions of the country. The study here draws lessons from other cases of regional economic policy, and proposes a framework based on the regional policy initiative that is currently being implemented in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]