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This exploratory research is framed in the context of information disorders and its main objective is to identify the perception of Communication students in Brazil, Colombia and Spain about disinformation, their information consumption practices and aspects of their university education on media literacy. In order to carry out this study, an online survey was conducted between May and July 2023 in 23 higher education centers in the three countries, answered by 231 students. The main findings indicate that university students are aware of what fake news are and most of them know how to identify disinformative content, despite the fact that the development of the necessary skills for a critical reading of the media and the fight against disinformation takes place transversally in different subjects according to the students' perception, which shows the absence of a specific subject on media literacy in the curricula of the Communication degrees in the institutions assessed in the three countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mis/disinformation and post-truth discourses are part of contemporary public communication. The aim is to identify the politicians' discursive strategies and those who want to discredit them through false or inaccurate content circulating on social networks and other media. In particular, the analysis focuses on the 2022 presidential elections in Colombia. The specific objectives were: to establish the formal characteristics of the false or imprecise messages that refer to or were attributed during the campaign to the candidates Gustavo Petro, from the Pacto Histórico party, and Rodolfo Hernández, from the Movement of Anti-Corruption Governors, determine the semantic orientation of these messages and identify the types of fallacies used in their production. For this purpose, we developed content and sentiment analysis on the messages verified by fact-checkers between January and June 2022. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the post-truth strategies used by candidates and malicious agents to generate emotional responses in voters. The results revealed a prominent sentiment of negativity associated with disinformation discourse, which serves to attack, discredit, and delegitimize political contenders through especially fear-based fallacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research analyzes the content of 416 fake news items identified during the first half of 2021 by Maldita.es and Newtral.es, from Spain, and Colombiacheck and La Silla Vacía, from Colombia. The results show that the majority of the authors of fake news are anonymous, and that this especially harms the current governments and other public officials. The interests of the promoting actors are political-governmental, political-institutional and reputational. The study also asked about the topics, formats and distribution channels of fake news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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