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During the cold war, security and defense were issues that permeated social and political life on a global scale. In South America, dictatorships were installed, with the military defining the conception and application of security and the external and internal defense of each country. With the end of the cold war, this panorama changed. The aim of the present study was to analyze the convergences and divergences in the performance of the military forces with the end of the cold war. The methodological procedures used were based on historical and documental analyses as a strategy to compose an understanding of the subject in three selected countries: Colombia, Argentina, and Brazil. Our findings evidence the different ways that the Armed Forces were used and provide a reflection on their role in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]