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Intensive use of chemical acaricides for the control of cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) has led to the development of multiple acaricide resistance in Colombia. The present study aimed to characterize, using toxicological bioassays and molecular biology techniques, the resistance profile of a tick strain isolated from the Arauca state, Northeast Colombia. Commercial acaricides were used in adult immersion tests to determine its in vitro efficacies. Deltamethrin showed very low activity (4–7.3%), a mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos had intermediate efficacy (64–75.2%), and ethion presented the highest activity (88.5–100%). A colony (Arauquita strain) was established and larval immersion tests confirmed high resistance level to deltamethrin (241‐fold) and susceptibility to ivermectin. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction‐high resolution melt technique was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the para‐sodium channel gene. All of the genotyped individuals were mutant, presenting one (n = 7), two (n = 7) or three (n = 9) SNPs previously associated with pyrethroid resistance. Sequencing revealed a novel mutation (F712L), that was found for the first time in R. microplus ticks from South America. This is the first description of mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in R. microplus from Colombia. The acaricide resistance pattern found in the Arauquita strain is similar to other parts of Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an immunosuppressive pathogen that can cause low production efficiency and high mortality rates in chickens. There is no current information on the MDV serotypes and pathotypes circulating in vaccinated commercial farms in Colombia where the birds are vaccinated in the incubator with Gallid herpesvirus (GaHV-2) and Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (MeHV-1). Based on that, the main focus of this study was to understand the MDV's infection dynamics for the three known serotypes and to detect wild-virus pathogenic strains in 4-layer poultry farms in Antioquia. Samples of blood, feathers and spleens were collected from three randomly chosen animals according to age category: 1, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) that differentiates between the three serotypes of MDV was used to assess viral loads over time, and phylogenetic analysis of the Meq oncogene was done to compare the strains of MDV with those of known pathogenicity. Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (MeHV-1) was detected in all blood and feather follicle samples with an average number of genome copies (per 10,000 cells) of 31.44 in blood as expected as a result of vaccination. GaHV-2 was also detected in almost 100% of the blood and feather follicle samples throughout all defined age categories, with an average of 10.65 genome copies in blood samples. Gallid herpesvirus 3 (GaHV-3) was detected in 72% of blood and 84.61% of feather samples, with less than 1 copy per 10,000 cells. Based on the number of 132 bp repeats of the BamHI-H and BamHI-D regions in pooled feather samples, there were 70% (8/25) of attenuated MDV and 30% (17/25) of virulent MDV strains circulating in the farms. Virus isolation was performed successfully from every farm. In conclusion, different strains of MDV are circulating for up to 120 days in layers in Antioquia-Colombia and could be of major impact in poultry health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this article is to present the experience of a new liver transplant team.This review includes all patients who received a liver transplant between March 15, 2000 and March 15, 2003.We performed 87 transplantations on 84 patients; 39 were females and 45 were males of average age 43.6 years, including 6 children. The majority of the patients were from Colombia with time on the waiting list of less than 1 month. The average donor age was 26.7 years. The preservation solutions included Wisconsin, HTK-Brettschneider (Custodiol), and Corpaúl (similar to Henn-Ross). In this study, 95.4% were whole livers, with 97.7% using the piggyback method. We placed 23 arterial grafts and 2 venous grafts for vascular reconstructions; 95.4% were duct-to-duct anastomosis (95.4%). Among the cohort, 8.3% experienced acute rejection and 1.2% experienced chronic rejection. Two patients required retransplantation due to hepatic artery thrombosis with biliary tree necrosis.We consider that we have passed the crisis of beginning a new program with a reduction in postoperative complications and improving patient and graft survival. At present, we are a center that performs liver transplantations in adults and children, with a good organ donation culture in our city that allows us to offer a waiting time on the list less than one month. Neither a veno-venous bypass nor a T-tube were necessary for our cases. We also have developed a new, less expensive form of perfusing the liver in the donor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]