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Objective: As diabetes is a risk factor for severe symptoms, hospitalization, and death with COVID-19 disease, we aimed to assess the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in children and adults with and without type 1 diabetes in Colorado during 2020. Research Design and Methods: We developed a highly sensitive and specific test for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and measured the antibodies in children and adults with new-onset ( n  = 129) and established type 1 diabetes ( n  = 94) seen for routine diabetes care at our center between January and October 2020. The antibodies were also measured in 562 children and 102 adults from the general population of Colorado. Results: The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with new-onset type 1 diabetes (0.8%; 95% confidence interval 0.1%-4.2%) or those with established disease (4.3%; 1.7%-10.4%) did not differ from that in the general population children (2.8%; 1.8%-4.6%) or adults (3.9%; 1.5%-9.7%). In a subset of individuals with positive antibodies ( n  = 31), antibodies remained positive for up to 9 months, although the levels decreased starting 3 months after the infection ( P  = 0.007). Conclusions: From January to October 2020, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were not different in children and adults with and without type 1 diabetes in Colorado. We found no evidence for increased prevalence of COVID-19 infections among youth with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. (COMIRB Protocol 20-1007).

Background & Aims: Little is known about the incidence of celiac disease in the general population of children in the United States. We aimed to estimate the cumulative incidence of celiac disease in adolescents born in the Denver metropolitan area., Methods: We collected data on HLA-DR, DQ genotypes of 31,766 infants, born from 1993 through 2004 at St. Joseph's Hospital in Denver, from the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young. Subjects with susceptibility genotypes for celiac disease and type 1 diabetes were followed up for up to 20 years for development of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA). Outcomes were the development of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) or celiac disease. CDA was defined as persistence of tTGA for at least 3 months or development of celiac disease. Celiac disease was defined based on detection of Marsh 2 or greater lesions in biopsy specimens or persistent high levels of tTGA. For each genotype, the cumulative incidence of CDA and celiac disease were determined. To estimate the cumulative incidence in the Denver general population, outcomes by each genotype were weighted according to the frequency of each of these genotypes in the general population., Results: Of 1339 subjects followed up, 66 developed CDA and met criteria for celiac disease and 46 developed only CDA. Seropositivity for tTGA resolved spontaneously, without treatment, in 21 of the 46 subjects with only CDA (46%). The estimated cumulative incidence for CDA in the Denver general population at 5, 10, and 15 years of age was 2.4%, 4.3%, and 5.1%, respectively, and incidence values for celiac disease were 1.6%, 2.8%, and 3.1%, respectively., Conclusions: In a 20-year prospective study of 1339 children with genetic risk factors for celiac disease, we found the cumulative incidence of CDA and celiac disease to be high within the first 10 years. Although more than 5% of children may experience a period of CDA, not all children develop celiac disease or require gluten-free diets., (Copyright © 2017 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Individuals with depression in rural areas showed greater odds of hospitalization over one year than their urban counterparts in a single-state study; however, differences disappeared in models controlling for recent outpatient specialty care. To investigate whether these results are generalizable to a broader geographic area, the research team analyzed an 11-state database to test whether rural primary care patients with depression had greater odds of hospitalization over two years for physical and emotional problems, compared with their urban counterparts., Methods: Hypotheses were tested by conducting a preplanned secondary analysis of data for 1,455 patients with depression in the Quality Improvement for Depression (QID) database. This database was developed in a two-year cooperative trial that evaluated quality initiatives to improve primary care depression treatment. QID studies, including Partners in Care and Quality Enhancement by Strategic Teaming, recruited patients from rural and urban areas., Results: Multivariate analyses demonstrated that compared with their urban counterparts, rural patients with depression had significantly higher odds of being hospitalized for physical problems (13% versus 7%, OR=1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2-2.8, p<.01 at six months) and for emotional problems (4% versus 2%, OR=2.3, CI=1.0-5.4, p=.05 at 18 months). Hospitalization differences were not reduced in models controlling for outpatient specialty care in the previous six months., Conclusions: Although national studies report that all-cause hospitalization rates are comparable for rural and urban populations, rural patients with depression in this 11-site study had greater odds of hospitalization for both physical and emotional problems over two years, compared with their urban counterparts, suggesting that the potential for reducing hospitalization rates among rural patients with depression should be addressed by depression care management programs serving this population.