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The implementation of renewable energy sources and heat pumps with natural refrigerants in the existing 3rd-generation district heating (DH) systems is a promising technology for the conversion to a 4th-generation DH system. This paper aims to investigate this transition through a case study for the existing DH system in Croatia. The district of Rijeka, which is considered in the case study, has an existing 3rd-generation DH system with a capacity of 9.2 MW, which was originally designed for a temperature regime of 130/70 °C and produces thermal energy from natural gas. In order to use heat pumps efficiently in such a system, the temperature of the distribution system and the energy consumption should be reduced. Trnsys software was used to perform complete dynamic simulations of the DH system. Used baseline models were validated according to the actual energy consumption reported by the heat supplier. The application of heat pumps with natural refrigerants in combination with on-site electricity production (PV system) can almost eliminate system CO2 emissions, reduce primary energy consumption and lower operation costs. Simulations were performed for 18 different scenarios that included 2 different building envelope variants. The results were compared, then discussed and conclusions were drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Podgorje is in the zone of the overlapping nodal-functional regions of Rijeka and Zadar. Despite its central position in the geographical context of Adriatic Croatia, the Podgorje region is suffering very negative demographic processes and trends because it is an area of poor transportation accessibility. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the interdependency of transport accessibility of Podgorje and the neighboring leading regional centers, as well as the negative demographic processes and trends that have destabilized this region and converted it into a rural periphery of Adriatic Croatia. The processes of littoralization and industrialization of the coast of Podgorje failed, when they should have created the prerequisites for the development of a functional network of settlements, which would have in turn created and kept necessary functions and retained the population. The absence of these processes has led to the demographic decline of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper estimates the exhaust emissions of marine traffic in the Port of Rijeka based on the ship’s data obtained from the pilot company. The Port of Rijeka is the largest port in Croatia that includes several berthing locations with different terminals. The estimation is made for each of them respecting carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM) as well as for the amount of total emissions for the area. The aim is to prepare basic records for estimation and further monitoring with respect to changes in the ongoing environmental regulation and restrictions. This paper will contribute to the overall national strategy of preparing shipping emission inventories for the Republic of Croatia. The estimation method is based on the bottom– up approach widely used in such research that starts with ship characteristics and activities when approaching the port. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ivan Klobučarić was one of the most important Croatian cartographers at the turn of the 17th century. In 1579 he produced a panorama of Rijeka which is kept in the War Archives (Kriegsarchitf in Vienna. The Styrian Provincial Archives (Steiermarkische Landesarchiv) in Graz houses a map of the Bay of Rijeka with a panorama of the city dated 1586, attributed to Klobučarić. His cartographic legacy created between 1601 and 1605 can be found in the Clobucciarich - Skizzen collection. It comprises 108 sheets. Most are double-sided. Some pages show two or more items, so that the entire collection includes around 500 cartographic depictions. In terms of western Croatia, there are about twenty. This paper provides a list of the contents of Klobučarić's cartographic depictions relating to the area of Croatia. A sketch of the Kvarner Littoral from Rijeka to Sveti Juraj with the mainland hinterland is described, with a map of parts of Croatia from Rijeka to Omiš with the mainland hinterland. An analysis was conducted of the contents of the parts of the sketch and map showing the Kvarner Littoral, comparing the representation of settlements showed and those omitted, with toponyms on the map and those shown on earlier maps of the Kvarner Littoral. The paper indicates errors in previous works about Klobučarić's life, work and cartographic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plague epidemics have remained in the collective consciousness until nowadays remembered as the deadliest. Therefore, it is not surprising that the answers to them throughout history have been not only medical but also religious. The previously mentioned will be analyzed in this paper through the cults of the protector saints against the plague epidemics that have developed in two Croatian cities of comparable size, Rijeka and Osijek, but with the diametrically opposed geographical positions and, accordingly, quite different historical developments. On the one hand, a more detailed overview of the development of the cults of various saints present in the mentioned cities will be presented. On the other hand, based on their presentation in the sacral heritage of these cities, the broader context of the time and space in which they have developed will be lightened. Particular attention will be paid to their medical connotations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Official Gazette (hereinafter: NN) No. 119/2018 of 28 December 2018 the National Collective Agreement for Croatian Seafarers on Board Ships in the International Shipping Trade was published (2019-2020). The Agreement was entered into on 10 December 2018 between the Association of Croatian Shipowners Mare Nostrum (Zagreb, Av. V. Holjevca 20) and the Seafarers' Union of Croatia, member of the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) from Rijeka (Head Office, Fiorello La Guardia 13). It is applied as of 1 January 2019. The National Collective Agreement for Croatian Seafarers on Board Ships in the International Shipping Trade (2019 - 2020) has all the nomotechnical features (characteristics) of an autonomous regulation: compliance with objective prerequisites for introducing it, signing and publishing it (legal basis, jurisdiction of the contracting parties, name (title), procedure of introducing it "in good faith to promote and maintain the social dialogue and harmonious relations between the Employers - Shipowners and Trade Unions based on mutual respect for the interests and rights of the Employers - Shipowners and Seafarers", relevant period and area wherein it may apply, as well as the content pursuant to the laws and other standing rules and regulations, consisting of the "contractual and normative part" in 43 articles (with titles) and "General Addendum" (and "Special Addendum"). It has been written "in Croatian and in English", whileas should there be any ambiguities due to textual differences in the two languages, the Croatian text shall apply". This paper elaborates on the essential and characteristic features of this autonomous regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Official Gazette (hereinafter: NN) No. 119/2018 of 28 December 2018 the National Collective Agreement for Croatian Seafarers on Board Ships in the International Shipping Trade was published (2019-2020). The Agreement was entered into on 10 December 2018 between the Association of Croatian Shipowners Mare Nostrum (Zagreb, Av. V. Holjevca 20) and the Seafarers' Union of Croatia, member of the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) from Rijeka (Head Office, Fiorello La Guardia 13). It is applied as of 1 January 2019. The National Collective Agreement for Croatian Seafarers on Board Ships in the International Shipping Trade (2019 - 2020) has all the nomotechnical features (characteristics) of an autonomous regulation: compliance with objective prerequisites for introducing it, signing and publishing it (legal basis, jurisdiction of the contracting parties, name (title), procedure of introducing it "in good faith to promote and maintain the social dialogue and harmonious relations between the Employers - Shipowners and Trade Unions based on mutual respect for the interests and rights of the Employers - Shipowners and Seafarers", relevant period and area wherein it may apply, as well as the content pursuant to the laws and other standing rules and regulations, consisting of the "contractual and normative part" in 43 articles (with titles) and "General Addendum" (and "Special Addendum"). It has been written "in Croatian and in English", whileas should there be any ambiguities due to textual diff erences in the two languages, the Croatian text shall apply". This paper elaborates on the essential and characteristic features of this autonomous regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews development of digital landslide databases in various countries and in Croatia. Countries that were chosen are those endangered by slope processes and/or those that have landslide databases established and available for review (e.g. Japan, China, New Zealand). The paper shows parameters used in the databases (in Italy, Slovenia and Croatia) and categories recommended for landslide inventory and database development at the global level. Terminology important in research and evaluation of landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk is also reviewed. The availability of landslide data in Croatia is shown using the example of Rijeka area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the results of a quality-of-life research project in the City of Rijeka. The first part presents a deconstruction of the concept into domains and sub-domains that were chosen to represent the quality-of-life concept in this research. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the subjective quality-of-life experience of the inhabitants living in five chosen city neighbourhoods and the evaluation of the objective features of their immediate living space. The following neighbourhoods were chosen: Belveder/Brajda-Dolac, Pećine, Pehlin, Orehovica and Pašac. Results discussed in the paper show significant variations existing in the satisfaction with life domains between respondents living in those five neighbourhoods. According to the analysis, respondents from Belveder/Brajda-Dolac show the lowest average levels of satisfaction with three domains: transport and infrastructure, natural environment and neighbourhood safety. On the other hand, those respondents are significantly more satisfied with the accessibility of services and facilities than all the other respondents. Contrary to them are the respondents from two neighbourhoods on the outskirts of the city, namely Pašac and Orehovica, who are significantly more satisfied than all the other respondents with the domain of natural environment, but the least satisfied on average with the accessibility of services and facilities important for the everyday quality of life in the city. Domains and sub-domains that the respondents in different neighbourhoods are the least satisfied with represent those aspects that need special attention and work on the improvement of quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Port of Rijeka is an important transport hub of international importance for the Republic of Croatia. With its geostrategic predispositions and increasingly strong appearance in transport sector, the Rijeka gateway is gaining more and more significance. As a key hub between the maritime and inland traffic systems, the Port of Rijeka encompasses a whole range of active and passive participants in process of creating port services. Positive economic effects of the port's traffic on its regional area are manifested through multiplicative effects arising from participation in port services. By calculating different multiplicative effects, it is possible to get a better insight into commercial-economic interconnection of port services providers within the Rijeka port system. This paper confirms that the revenues generated by the traffic of cargo and passengers achieve 3 to 10 times greater effect on the overall market, and directly or indirectly influence at least 0.15 % to at most 1.55 % of the national GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the quality of municipal water in the hotels in the area of Rijeka as well as the amount of its consumption. This paper also discusses t he p robability of contamination a nd c onsequences that tourists and citizens who use such water could suffer. The area of this water system belongs to the karst relief marked by a significant underground circulation and high sensitivity to external influences which leads to contamination. Considering the peculiarity of karst aquifers, during heavy rainfalls after long dry periods there is a possibility of turbidity and microbiological water contamination which usually are not long lasting. Despite occasional hydro geological problems, the public utility company has organised a system for monitoring water quality in water supply system and sanitary correct drinking water is discharged into the system. Besides being drinking water, that water is clean and has good quality of mineral composition. Although Rijeka's water supply system is leading in C roatia a ccording to security of water supply and drinking water, consumption in hotels is mainly related to sanitary water, because tourists do not have the habit of drinking tap water or they are not enough informed about such possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this scientific work is to analyze the influence of the ship storage occupancy capacity variation on the optimal capacity as well as the considered economic indicators of a feeder ship. The results of the research have provided to a shipping company the possibility to take appropriate business moves in accordance with new or predicted business opportunities on a specific line aiming at improving the sea transport service efficiency. By using a model to determine the optimal capacity of a feeder ship, the paper aims at analyzing the influence of the change in the amount of cargo between the port of Rijeka, as a regional hub port, and the possible peripheral ports of Zadar, Sprit and Ploče on the optimal capacity of a feeder ship operating in the presumed feeder service At the same time, by using ditto model, a specific trend in the movement of economic indicator values (cost-effectiveness and economic justifiability) is determined for the previously defined optimal capacity on the considered route. Moreover, an analysis of the capacity changes due to the reduction in the cargo quantity and ship storage capacity ratio is carried out and presented in this paper by using the same model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For an optimal functioning of the container terminal, it is especially important to define the capacity of the terminal that affects the possibility of achieving the production plan, and also the realization plan for port services. In practice, it is very difficult to determine and submit an optimal capacity of a port container terminal because of the port reload fluctuation conditioned by the uneven arrival of container ships to the terminal and uneven duration of operations with containers. The goal of this paper is to present the methodological approach, that is, methods that enable to define the features and indicators of a port container terminal operation, which are fundamental for making relevant business decisions for a given terminal. The presented methodology was actually tested on the example of the container terminal "Brajdica" at the Port of Rijeka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a survey on the economic development of Rijeka city in the late 19th century with emphasis on the need for a plan aimed at the regulation of the city development. Until then the building code was the only means of regulating construction activities. After several competitions had failed, Paolo Grassi developed in 1904 the Regulation plan of the city. It came into force in 1910 and was in operation until the late 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the movement of the container traffic in the Port of Rijeka and consequently, the comparison has been made with the container traffic in the Port of Koper . The container traffic movement data have been have been analyzed by the analysis of time series, which is one of the quantitative methods of estimating the future container traffic movement, under the assumption that the container traffic will be moving in the same way as it did in the previous period. Container transport has a direct impact on the general prosperity of the Rijeka area and of Croatia as a whole. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors influencing the container traffic in the Port of Rijeka and to calculate the polynomial trend that approximates the movement of the container traffic in the Port of Rijeka. From the proposed model with the processed data over the past twelve years via polynomial trend, it is possible to predict the behaviour of the container traffic in the next eight years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents a study of the quality of life in the City of Rijeka. The main research aim was to analyze whether significant differences exist in mean satisfaction with neighborhood among different groups of respondents according to selected variables. Overall neighborhood satisfaction was used as an indicator of the quality of neighborhood life. The main research method was a questionnaire survey conducted on a random sample of 365 households, chosen from five city neighborhoods. Statistical procedures used were t-test and one-way analysis of variance. The conducted analysis showed that respondents in analyzed neighborhoods of Rijeka do not differ significantly in neighborhood satisfaction regarding: gender, age, educational attainment, monthly household income, perceived property value, housing type and length of residence. On the other hand, significant difference in neighborhood satisfaction was found regarding respondents' tenure. Furthermore, it has been shown that a positive feeling towards place and community is linked with higher levels of neighborhood satisfaction. Respondents who meet their neighbors more often to discuss common neighborhood issues were also more satisfied with their neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to show that the implementation of the queuing theory could set an optimal capacity of the port container terminal, or a combination of the number of berths and cranes per berth with the minimum costs for the given traffic. The container terminal is a system composed of a specific number of mutually depending subsystems so the optimal capacity of the terminal is reduced to the calculation of the optimal number of berths, since the capacity of the berth determines the necessary capacity of the other subsystems, and thereby a throughput of the entire container terminal. The optimal solution was received by applying a model of total costs that is based on the queuing theory. This model can be used for any container terminal and for terminals in present and future conditions. The results are a basis for bringing adequate business decisions related to the operating of the terminal. The model is tested on an example of container terminal Brajdica in Port of Rijeka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cities all around the world are faced with a rapid increase of urban population, and their crucial sustainable development issue becomes energy management. Moreover, the national energy management sector is slowly passing from government surveillance to the responsibility of local municipalities. The energy efficiency management in cities helps local governments to focus on important energy projects that have strong environmental aspects and financial feasibility. This paper analyzes the public lighting energy management in the Croatian city of Rijeka in order to determine the connection of the energy market liberalization and sustainable development in urban areas. Research results indicate a significant connection between investments in energy management of public lighting and its influence on lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray emission spectroscopy induced using radioactive source have been applied to analyze two types of samples important for the history of Rijeka, Croatian port on the Adriatic Sea. In this paper we will present study of thirty-three original Hungarian postage stamps issued for Rijeka and overprinted with the word FIUME in 1918, after the World War I and the one-Lira banknotes (one original brown banknote and four trial prints: brown, blue, green and dark green) from Economy bank for Rijeka, Istria and Slovenian Littoral (1945–1947), the so-called Jugolire. This investigation was carried out to determine the differences between the original machine, original hand-made and fake overprints FIUME and to compare the pigments used on original banknote from circulation with the pigments on the trial prints. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Natural Science Club was founded in Fiume/Rijeka (Naturwissentschaflichen Club in Fiume/Club di scienze naturali in Fiume) on November 28th 1883. The foundation charter stipulated no restriction on language use, and lectures could be held in any language. Right from the start, the Club had active women members, and one of them, Rosa Fatour, the headmistress of the municipal school, held a lecture entitled "Development of anthropology" as early as in 1889. The Club started to publish a bilingual bulletin in German and Italian in 1896 (Mittheilungen des Naturwissenshaftlichen Clubs in Fiume/Bolletino del Club di scienze naturali in Fiume), bringing not only reports on lectures held in the Club, but also important scientific and professional papers. In 1896, several sections were founded within the Club, as follows: I. The Committee for Röntgen, whose aim was to purchase the Röntgen apparatus. This task was completed in 1897. The apparatus was ceded to the municipal hospital in 1899, and the Committee was disbanded. 2. The Photography Section, lead initially by A. Riegler. The section organized several photo exhibitions in which women often took part. 3. The Prehistoric Research Section was founded subsequent to the discovery of the remains of an old fortification in the town. This section collaborated closely with the municipal museum. Since founding and until 1902, Prof Peter Salcher held important positions in the Club; he founded the Röntgen Committee and the Photography Section; he himself gave 31 lectures and was editor of the German part of the Bulletin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By revealing the destiny of brick Romana the author is trying to point out the destinies of similar sailing vessels that navigated the seas in the middle of 19th century. The intention of this paper is also to throw some light on naval history of the town of Rijeka in the same period. To do so the case study method, descriptive, comparative, statistical and methods of analysis and synthesis were used. Special attention was dedicated to the votive painting and newspaper article -- fonts of historical knowledge with all their possibilities and limitations. It was established that newspaper article based on reliable source can contain many different information about things such as route, cargo, cargo management, consular service, causes and details of accident. But, while the newspaper information can considerably differ in quantitative and qualitative way, information from 19th century votive paintings are far more homogenous because of their standardized structure. They, besides accident details (when, where, how), are always the evidence of the ship's origin and appearance, captain, bad weather navigation, language, as well as the votive practice and the appearance of ex voto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The port service quality research methods from the users' point of view are presented in this paper. The purpose of this research is to select and reduce a large number of the port service quality attributes to a smaller number of attributes, grouped in common factors according to certain criteria. By analyzing the structure of the grouped attributes, the users' expectation of the service quality provided according to their requirements is determined and evaluated. The determination of interdependence among more variables has been carried out by using the multivariate analysis or, specifically, by using the method of the principal component factor analysis. The presented methodology has been applied to the real data obtained from the questionnaire of the sample of students attending the Faculty of Maritime Studies in Rijeka, Croatia. The data collected have been processed by using the SPSS 16.0. statistical package. Based on the factor matrix and after having carried out the Oblimin rotation, it has been determined that five latent groups of attributes grouped in factors have been indicated by the attributes. Five factors singled out considering the associated port service quality attributes have been called: the port functionality factor, the port responsibility factor, the port adaptability factor, the port availability factor and the port information capacity factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to assess the possible impact of air pollution on works of art kept in storage at the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. Soiling removed during the process of conservation-restoration was analysed for its ionic content, lead, soot arid polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The samples were taken from four paintings: two of them had been kept in the central store within the Museum's building since the mid-1970s or 1980s, while the other two had been stored in temporary storage in the city centre since the mid-1990s. The common characteristic of all the soiling was the predominance of sulphate and calcium. These two ions are dominant in the aerosol composition found indoors, their source being either plaster soiling and/or chemical reactions of sulphur dioxide with calcite. The excess of sulphate relative to calcium found in the two paintings kept in the central store when time outdoor air pollution was highest, suggests time air pollution impact. No excess of sulphate was found in the two paintings stored in the temporary store since time 1990s, when the outdoor air pollution of sulphur dioxide was substantionally reduced. In this case high levels of calcium were found, probably due to calcite soil and building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explain clearly the role of the information system security management within the entire Port of Rijeka security process. The complexity of the Port of Rijeka system, in which Rijeka Port Authority contemplates the development strategy of the Rijeka traffic route and the services provided by the Port within the framework of the already existing development paradigm of the information- communication system, is elaborated. Within the management of the information-communication resources, one of the basic prerequisites for a success is the information security, or the protection of the information security management system. Therefore, the ISO 27001:2005 Certificate, which deals with the information security system management, is to be considered in the scope defined by the organization itself. While studying the advantages of the ISO 27001:2005 Certificate, the characteristics of Rijeka Port Authority are defined, the contents of the Certificate itself are explained and the possible comparative advantages that can be obtained within the broader framework of the port security process are stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods of choosing the possible attributes affecting the perception of the port service quality are presented in this paper. The purpose of the study is to reduce a great number of the port service quality attributes to a smaller number of attributes, grouped in common factors. Thus, a structural model, much easier to be explained and tested on the concrete example, has been obtained. The hypothesis is put forward stating that the two dimensions of the port service quality: reliability and competence are best explained by the attributes presented. An optimal selection of attributes has been made by the principal component analysis, while the attribute distribution has been obtained by the exploratory factor analysis. The confirmative factor analysis has been used to define the structural model, adaptable to the results of the questionnaire submitted to the sample of students of the Faculty of Maritime Studies in Rijeka, Croatia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last inter-census period, between 1991 and 2001, Rijeka recorded population decrease for the first time after World War II as the result of negative natural movement and negative net migration. At the same time the number of inhabitants in the suburban region increased owing exactly to in-migration. Besides migration characteristics analysis of the population of the city and its suburban region based on the data of previous censuses, especially on that in 2001, basic results of the empirical research conducted in 2006 by the way of questionnaire method on the sample of 411 respondents in four settlements in the Rijeka suburban region are presented in the paper. The analysis of respondents' replies to four questions regarding reasons for out-migration from their previous place of residence and settling in the Rijeka suburban region settlements points to solving housing problem as the main push factor of out-migration and main pull factor of in-migration to suburbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The port of Rijeka is a port of national interest open to national and international public traffic. It is mostly intended for the movement of goods with the container traffic playing an important role. As laid down in the Port Classification and Physical Plan of the Primorskogoranska County, Rijeka is a port of a special international economic importance for the Republic of Croatia. The largest part of the Croatian imports and exports of goods is realized through the port of Rijeka which is also a major transit port in Croatia for the goods from Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Austria, Italy and Serbia. The essential factors of the port of Rijeka geotraffic position are the physical characteristics of its location and its connection with the hinterland. The construction of the new leveled rail line from Zagreb to Rijeka, the reconstruction of the Rijeka-Zagreb motorway to a full profile highway, the canalization of the river Sava from Šamac to Sisak and the construction of the Vukovar - Šamac Canal will make Rijeka an important seaport for the flows of goods from the Danube basin to the Adriatic. In the future period, the structure of the goods flow will be marked by the growth of the container traffic which has, by today, reached the upper limit of the container terminal storage and handling capacity. If the port of Rijeka wishes to maintain its competitive ability in the North Adriatic ports catchment area, it should meet such increased transport needs by adequate expansion and new investments to be made in a short-time period. This paper aims at focusing particularly on the container terminal Brajdica and its expansion possibilities which, contrary to other projects requiring a longer period of time for their realization and for bringing corresponding traffic solutions, include specific space and traffic predispositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]