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This article aims to explain where the cross-border tourism cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) can be observed, and its specifical aim is to answer the research question: What are the spatial characteristics of cooperation in cross-border tourism projects in the Baltic Sea Region? Using the methods of spatial analysis in GIS, statistical methods and analysis of project documents, synthetic research was carried out on the cooperation of beneficiaries of tourism projects under the Interreg IV A, B and C programs in the BSR. The spatial nature of this cooperation was presented in a descriptive and cartographic form, taking into account the locations of beneficiaries, budgets, roles in the project, concentration, connections and topics of their cooperation. Although the empirical study presented below is limited only to tourism cooperation under the EU-funded Interreg IV program in the BSR, it is one of the first studies on cross-border cooperation between entities separated by a sea border in general, as well as one of the first synthetic studies on projects from different levels of European Union funding in the Interreg program (A, B and C), which cover a larger area of research. Ultimately, within 13 Interreg IV programs within the BSR consisting of 1157 projects in total, 89 projects directly related to cross-border tourism crossing sea borders were selected for the study, including 71 Interreg A, 12 Interreg B and 6 Interreg C projects. Within selected projects 834 beneficiaries collaborated and spent a total budget of almost €150 million (Tab. 1). Beneficiaries from Sweden, Denmark and Germany account for more than half of all beneficiaries of tourism projects in the region (Fig. 3.a). Beneficiaries are located in 330 places in the region all across the region, but there is a large variation in their distribution. Most of the beneficiaries are based in places located on the coast, which is also indicated by the analysis of the concentration of partners, taking into account the number of beneficiaries within a radius of 100 km (Fig. 6.). Three large concentrations of beneficiaries can be observed: two are located in the western part of the region: (1) the coast of the narrow Danish straits – Øresund, Great Belt and Little Belt (west coast of Sweden, coast of Denmark and northern Germany), (2) Kattegat and partly the Skagerrak strait (Sweden-Denmark-Norway), and (3) the regions of the capital cities of Helsinki and Tallinn, and the coast of the Archipelago Sea – the body of the Baltic Sea located south-west of the Finnish town of Turku. Cooperation is measured by number and distance of the relations between the beneficiaries. In the BSR the largest number of relations takes place within the distance of 200‑300 km, i.e. allowing to connect the opposite shores of the Baltic Sea (Fig. 9). Beneficiaries of tourist projects from the coast of the Danish straits form a separate system of relations, only to a small extent connected with other parts of the BSR, especially with beneficiaries from the eastern part of the region. From the western part of the region, only beneficiaries from Germany cooperate relatively intensively both with partners from Denmark and Sweden, as well as with partners from the eastern part of the BSR (Fig. 7 and 8). The most frequently chosen topics of cooperation in the BSR concerned expertise and research, promotional activities, knowledge transfer, technical development and the development and improvement of services. Although the distribution of beneficiaries according to the topics implemented was relatively even, beneficiaries who implemented projects related to networking and strengthening cooperation, development of the tourist product, creation of destinations and a tourist brand, as well as promotional activities and protection of cultural heritage were definitely concentrated in the western part of the region – on the coast around the Danish straits: Sound, Great Belt and Little Belt, as well as on the coast of the Kattegat (Fig. 10). Comparison of the number of implemented projects related to tourism, the number of beneficiaries, the average amount of beneficiaries’ budgets and their concentration showed diametrical differences in the region between its western and eastern parts. It can therefore be said that the “Iron Curtain” is still visible, which in the second half of the 20th century divided the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea from its north-western part. If we divide the countries of the BSR into the so-called countries of “Old Europe” (Finland, Denmark, Germany, Norway and Sweden) and countries of “New Europe” (Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Russia), there are huge differences between these areas, suggesting that EU projects cause the leveling of differences between the “old” and “new” Europe, Implementation of tourism projects definitely dominates in the countries of “Old Europe” (77.3%), where the beneficiaries are usually located in smaller towns. The opposite is true in the “new” EU countries, where most of the tourism projects are implemented by beneficiaries from medium and large cities. The vast majority of the tourism projects’ leading partners also come from the countries of “Old Europe” (79.3%), and their budget is at the level of as much as 83.9% of the budgets of all the leading partners (cf. Tab. 2). These data suggest that EU co-financed projects still fail to significantly bridge the differences between countries that did not cooperate for most of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple obstacles exist to introducing evidence-based methods in social work practice. The study directly interacts with social work practice and maps the interventions practice prioritizes when supporting children or parents. Specifically, the study examines service users' and practitioners' assessment of the feasibility of systematically evaluated interventions in the everyday life of foster care families. To integrate the different perspectives, we use a three-step process comprising a systematic review of interventions for children in foster care, a literature review of challenges faced by the children to assist with choosing the most relevant interventions and a discussion of findings with service users and practitioners. The systematic review identified 51 interventions. The literature review revealed three common challenges: collaboration with the birth family, behavioural issues and social problem solving. We reduced the 51 interventions to 13 for discussions in workshops and interviews with service users and practitioners and ended up with two feasible interventions: incredible years and collaboration meetings. The first has been evaluated in several randomized studies, whereas the second has been evaluated qualitatively. Our analysis points to a profession where systematic and evidence-based knowledge is subordinated to a pragmatism that prioritizes budgeting and prior knowledge of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The potential of eHealth for health promotion and disease prevention is widely recognized, however, its uptake stays behind. An experiment was designed to support the uptake and usage of eHealth and to empower individuals to work on their health and vitality, ultimately supporting a more vital society. In the experiment, participants were provided a digital health budget of €100 to purchase preselected, reliable eHealth applications within a digital environment ('FitKnip' platform). Objectives & methods: The current study aimed to scientifically evaluate the concept of providing a digital health budget as an innovative way to improve population health. This prospective pre-post interventional study combined quantitative (i.e., surveys and online user data) and qualitative (i.e., focus groups) measures. Individuals were recruited from the general population through various institutions such as municipalities and health insurance companies. Participants completed five online self-report questionnaires with intervals of 60 days. Online focus groups were held with a subsample of participants after 60 and 180 days. Main study parameters were feasibility, acceptability, health empowerment, health outcomes, opportunities for improvement and future implementation. Key Findings: In total 1651 individuals participated in this study. 41% of the participants purchased one or more applications with their received health budget. Participants evaluated FitKnip as an acceptable and feasible initiative, because it removes financial barriers and only includes preselected reliable applications. User friendliness of FitKnip was rated satisfactory (Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 scores M = 19.6 - 20; SD = 1.4-1.5), however participants were less satisfied about the amount and type of apps being offered on the platform. They expected more apps and more apps concerning physical health and prevention. Moreover, participants indicated they would like more information about the apps before purchasing to enable a well-informed choice. No significant changes over time regarding quality of life and experienced stress were found. Participants indicated that FitKnip could potentially help to improve their health and vitality, however that intrinsic motivation and discipline are needed in order to do so. Conclusions: Citizens and health experts are enthusiastic about the concept of offering a health budget to improve health and well-being of citizens. However, FitKnip needs to be improved in terms of the platform itself. More specifically, it should enable ways to adapt the content to individual needs and preferences. Implications: Lessons learned from the FitKnip experiment can be used to support development, improvement, and ultimately implementation of proactive preventive care tools to improve population health. An important barrier for implementation of such tools remains challenging because of difficulties in terms of financing systems and reimbursement of preventive care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incumbent incentive for competence-signaling and lack of voter information are generally thought to be factors that increase the prevalence of political budget cycles. These mechanisms should be more prevalent in new political units. Since the creation of new political units is rarely exogenous, however, serious endogeneity issues would be an issue for empirical studies of this subject. To overcome these problems, I use a Danish local government reform—which amalgamated some (but not all) Danish municipalities, thereby creating new political units—in a way that is arguably quasi-experimental to study whether political budget cycles are larger in new political units. Contrary to theoretical predictions, political budget cycles seem to be of a smaller scale in the new municipalities, but only regarding budget cycles in budgetary overruns. The findings are of wider interest for discussions about the mechanisms behind context-conditional political budget cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An acquired brain injury (ABI) is a complex injury often followed by a broad range of cognitive, physical, emotional, and behavioral disabilities. Because of these disabilities, vocational rehabilitation (VR) is a challenging task, however, of great importance, since approximately 75% of the patients with ABI are of working age. Thus, standardized clinically effective and cost-effective methodologies regarding VR for patients with ABI are highly needed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of an individually targeted manual-based VR for patient with ABI compared to conventional VR (usual care).Methods: This study is an interventional, two-arm, six-month follow-up, cluster randomized controlled trial involving four municipalities in the Zealand Region and the Capital Region of Denmark. A total of 84 patients with ABI evenly distributed across four municipalities will be included in the study. The patients will randomly be allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the VR intervention provided by a specialized Brain Injury Centre or the conventional VR provided by the municipalities (usual care). The six- to nine-month intervention will consist of individual and group therapies as well as a work placement program including supported employment. Furthermore, the intervention will include a family intervention program followed up by support to one individual family caregiver. The primary outcomes are increased work or study rate at six-month follow-up. Moreover, a budget impact analysis and possibly a cost-utility analysis of the intervention will be performed.Discussion: This study consists of a comprehensive multidiciplinary VR intervention involving several parties such as the municipalities, a specialized rehabilitation team, and patients' own family caregivers. If this intervention is proven successful when compared to the conventional VR, it will provide evidence for a manual-based individualized holistic approach in returning to work after an ABI. Furthermore, the study will contribute with novel knowledge regarding feasibility and clinical effectiveness of the VR intervention relevant to clinicians, researchers, and policymakers.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03086031 . Registered on 21 March 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The development of integrated care in the German health care system lags far behind the expectations of legislators, stakeholders and the requirements of health care. A major hurdle in Germany is the diversity of funding agencies and an institution-centeredness of the care system instead of a patient-centeredness. This is a considerable disadvantage for patients, especially in mental health care. A regional global budget for mental health care within the framework of model projects according to § 64b of the 5th German Social Insurance Code Book is one of many innovative approaches in the German health care system to foster integrated care. This billing system, contracted with all participating health insurers, enables inpatient psychiatric care providers in Germany to provide cross-sector and patient-centered treatment in their region. The spectrum ranges from inpatient intensive care to day-care and outpatient care to psychiatric home treatment and various complementary psychosocial services. Despite diverse scientific evidence for the improvement of patient outcomes, the model is only applied in a few health care regions in Germany. Methods: We therefore investigated the diffusion process and barriers to diffusion using established research approaches such as Rogers' model for diffusion of innovations using a qualitative research method. Twentytwo guided interviews with experts from different stakeholder groups (chief physicians, commercial staff, health insurance companies, associations) were analysed for content. Results: The study identified key barriers to further diffusion such as a lack of trialability of the model, poor compatibility with concurrent standard care, lack of reversibility, and a perceived significant risk of implementation. Since successful contracting is only possible with complete consensus among very different groups of actors, contract negotiations are time-consuming in view of the multi-actor constellation that is typical in the German health care system. Favourable conditions were a regional monopoly position of the main provider and communal ownership. Conclusion: The further implementation of integrated care with a global budget could be promoted by reducing the complexity of the model, for example by introducing it in partial steps, reducing the risk for non-communal providers, and by dissolving the multi-actor constellation in care planning and organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] 883 homeowners participated in the questionnaire survey about energy retrofit. [•] Energy savings cannot motivate homeowners to conduct private energy retrofits. [•] Motivation factors are improvements in comfort, indoor environment and architecture. [•] Knowledge of non-energy benefits and consumption, increases the retrofit number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. Purpose: To describe the costs and providers of glaucoma treatment in Denmark. Methods: Analyses were based on National Register data. Glaucoma/OHT patients were identified by their first prescription for glaucoma medication (ATC-codes) in the Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics 2002-2007. Patients had used no glaucoma medication for 6 months. Data for 2007 were sampled cross-sectionally for a budgetary analysis of glaucoma (ICD10 code) medication and services consumed in the primary and secondary health care services. Patients were categorized according to their number of treatment changes. Results: The Danish annual incidence rate of glaucoma was estimated at 1.2 per 1000 adult persons. Thirty-seven per cent of patients (men 44%, mean age 68 years; women 56%, mean age 71 years) persisted with their initial treatment regimen, 21% had changed to a second regimen, and 43% had experienced ≥3 regimens. Treatment costs increased with the number of sequential regimens. Annual glaucoma costs (health care sector perspective) were €305 for patients under their initial regimen, increasing to €740 with ≥3 regimens. Drug costs accounted for 57% of total cost. Conclusions: Drugs represented the major cost of glaucoma, and those costs increased, obviously, with the number of treatment changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth rates of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in suspended net-bags were measured in field experiments conducted in Limfjorden and Great Belt, Denmark, for extended periods of time (22–69 days) with up to 8 intermediate data samplings during the period. The resulting time series of growth of different overlapping size-classes of M. edulis were analysed individually and after being assembled to cover the full range of sizes, as full time series in terms of weight specific growth rate (µ=(1/W) dW/dt,% day−1) as a function of dry weight of soft parts (W, g). The results were compared to a simple bioenergetic growth model for mussels (µ=aW b , a=0.871×C−0.986, b=− 0.34), and observed power-law relations of growth data were in good agreement with the model, which takes into account the prevailing average chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration (C, µg chl a l−1) at field sites. Thus, the b-values of data were close to the predicted −0.34 while the a-value was in one case lower than estimated due to suboptimal conditions during part of the growth period. As a supplementary interpretation the growth data have been expressed in terms of the time to double the dry weight of soft parts for a given size of mussel and at a given experimental site. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article investigates changes within national budget by examining actors’ behavioral predilections and the institutional constraints under which they operate. The article presents three theoretical propositions about the influence of attention and institutions on all magnitudes of programmatic budget changes ranging from large cuts to massive expansions. Using quantile regression, the author is able to uncover which distinct processes bear on cuts, stasis, and expansion across spending categories within a budget. An examination of budgetary data from Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States from 1964 to 1999 leads to the conclusion that attention shifts lead to contractions and expansions of budgetary items, whereas preference-based explanations have marginal support. In addition, institutional costs involved in budgetary politics amplify budgetary shifts. The author closes the article by discussing the implications of the findings for partisan theories of government and institutional theories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The eddy flux of methane (CH4) was measured over 14 months above a restored wetland in western Denmark. The average annual daily CH4 flux was 30.2mgm−2 d−1, but the daily emission rates varied considerably over time. Several factors were identified that explained some of this variation. (1) Grazing cattle moving through the source area of the eddy flux mast increased the measured emission rates by one order of magnitude during short time periods. (2) Friction velocity exerted a strong control on the CH4 flux whenever there were water pools on the surface. (3) An exponential response of the daily CH4 flux to soil temperature at 20cm depth was found for most of the study period, but not for parts of the summer season that coincided with a low water level in the river flowing through the wetland. (4) Additional variations in the CH4 emission rates were related to the spatial heterogeneity of the source area. This area covered not only different plant communities but also a gravel road and a river surface, and it had a microtopography that visibly induced a large spatial variability in the wetness of the top soil. It is shown that the control mechanisms for the methane emission from restored wetlands are more complex than those reported for natural wetlands, since they include both management activities and slow adaptive processes related to changes in vegetation and hydrology. On the basis of eddy fluxes of carbon dioxide measured at the same site it is finally demonstrated that the variability in the CH4 fluxes strongly affects the greenhouse gas sink strength of the restored wetland. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article asks how ex ante and ex post control mechanisms structuring the involvement of national parliaments in European Union (EU) policy-formulation affect the scope of conflict and visibility of parliamentary debates. Based on democratic theory, partisan conflict and high visibility are normatively preferable. The effects of control mechanisms on these two criteria are assessed in a comparative case study of plenary debates in the Danish Folketing and Dutch Tweede Kamer on multiannual EU budgets. This study shows that control mechanisms have direct and indirect effects on the scope of conflict and visibility of debates by linking up to different phases of policy-formulation and media coverage cycles. Danish ex ante mechanisms trigger more partisan, but less visible debates, whereas Dutch ex post mechanisms stimulate highly visible, but intergovernmental debates. The findings thus present a trade-off between partisan conflict on the one hand and visibility on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Governments in democratic systems are expected to respond to the issue preferences of citizens. Yet we have a limited understanding of the factors that cause levels of responsiveness to vary across time and between countries. In this article, the authors suggest that political contestation is the primary mechanism driving policy responsiveness and that this, in turn, is mediated by political institutions and government popularity. To test this proposition, the authors analyze the responsiveness of executive policy promises (speeches) and policy actions (public expenditure) in Britain, Denmark, and the United States in the period from 1970 to 2005. These time-series analyses show that higher levels of political contestation are associated with more responsive executives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The northern and central part of the Danish Wadden Sea consists of three tidal areas belonging to the tidal inlets Grådyb, Knudedyb and Juvre Dyb. The sizes of the inter-tidal areas are 130 km2, 143 km2 and 124 km2, respectively. The tide is semi-diurnal with a tidal range of about 1.5 m corresponding to tidal prisms in the three tidal areas of 138·106 m3, 175·106 m3 and 155·106 m3, respectively. Sediment budgets are constructed for all three tidal areas on the basis of determination of the net accumulation of fine-grained sediment by means of 210Pb-based sedimentation rates. The input from the North Sea is estimated as the residual amount of the total accumulation after subtraction of all other sources (fluvial, primary production, atmospheric deposition, and estuarine coastal erosion). The total annual amount of deposited fine-grained material in the three tidal areas is 173.3·103 t y−1 which corresponds to an average accumulation rate of 1.9 kg m−2 y−1, or 3.5 mm y−1. The largest contribution to the accumulation is input from the North Sea which adds up to 111.0·103 t y−1, or 64% of the deposition. Accumulation varies considerably between the three areas. The northernmost tidal area (Grådyb) receives 50% while the others receive only 21% and 29%, respectively. The import variations are suggested to be a consequence of three factors: (i) an assumed increasing availability of fine-grained sediment from south to north on the shelf adjacent to the Danish Wadden Sea; (ii) a smaller trapping competence in the open tidal area of Knudedyb compared to the two other areas, equipped with large closed embayments; (iii) a larger combined salt-marsh area in the Grådyb tidal area compared to the two other areas, where large reclaimed salt-marsh areas are protected by dikes. Comparing the present results of salt-marsh accretion with similar results from the mid-20th century suggests that raised dynamics during the period after 1980 has increased salt-marsh accretion by up to about 50%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper I identify whether budgets in Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States are punctuated and investigate the variation in budget punctuations over time. Building on stochastic process methods, I find that budgets in all four cases exhibit mostly incremental changes punctuated by extreme shifts. In order to explain variation in budget punctuations over time, I rely on two models: partisan control of government and partisan distance of the assembly. The two models are tested using national budgetary data across all government functions for the four countries from the mid-1960s to 1989. I find that greater distance in strength and ideology among parties leads to increases in the degree of punctuations in the German and the British cases, whereas there is some evidence for the partisan control model in the American cases. In the Danish cases, partisan distance reduces the degree of budget punctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present highlights of political issues in Denmark in 2002. Submission of the annual state budget with the support of the Danish People's Party; Compromise reached regarding the reforms on labor market registration and universities; Performance of the Social Democratic Party.

A project on monitoring urban CO2 budgets has been conducted since the year 2000 focusing on the Metropolitan area of Copenhagen, Denmark. Methodologically, the project combines remote sensing with CO2 fluxes measured by eddy covariance technique from the top of a 40-m mast located in the center of Copenhagen. These data are supplemented by flux measurements from a mobile system on a 10-m mast which is moved between different urban types, including a major entrance road, and residential and industrial areas. By comparing the time series of vertical CO2 exchange and the number of cars on the major entrance roads, it is demonstrated that the traffic intensity has a major impact on the urban carbon budget. The spatial distribution of the CO2 emission rates is examined through texture-based classification of Landsat-TM satellite images. Local traffic intensity and local heating is seen as a function of specific local urban land use and activities, and the corresponding satellite image texture is used as a proxy for the CO2 emission from these components. The urban scene is divided into urban land use classes that constitute homogenous areas in terms of main types of activity and these are linked to specific levels of CO2 emission. For this purpose, a multi-scale approach based on co-occurrence matrices has been developed and applied.The paper outlines how the CO2 exchange from the urban sources and sinks can be estimated from continuous flux measurements in central Copenhagen. It is shown that traffic is the largest single CO2 source in the city. The mobile measurements demonstrate that the emission rates ranges from less than 0.8 g CO2 m−2 h−1 in the residential areas up to a maximum of 16 g CO2 m−2 h−1 along the major entrance roads in the city center.An average annual CO2 exchange rate of 35 g CO2 m−2 day−1 is calculated by assigning fluxes to each land use type and excluding the effect of remote sources (power plants, air and sea traffic). This value can be compared to a carbon budget recently calculated from national statistics showing that the local urban sources (road traffic, industry, service and household) have a comparable net emission rate of 38 g CO2 m−2 day−1.The perspective of having more precise knowledge of the distribution of sources and sinks is finally discussed in relation to changing land use patterns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Data on people's attitudes to items on the public budgets are found in the International Social Science Programme (ISSP) Role of Government surveys and Danish national election surveys 1990–1998. These data are factor analysed to validate a three-way agenda that postulates three main goals or functions of the state: the authoritarian state, the welfare state, and the humanitarian state. The factor solution is very similar in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the four largest European Union (EU) countries, and on many points consistent with theories of value change and new politics. Based on the factor analysis, the support for each of the three agendas is analysed for voters of different parties in the three Scandinavian party systems. We find that all three systems are structured in at least two dimensions, the welfare dimension and the humanitarian vs. authoritarian dimension. These data therefore point to the existence of a ‘new politics’ dimension that is similar in the three party systems insofar as it contains the same five budget items. However, the opinion climate differs somewhat between the three countries. The support for the humanitarian agenda is lowest in Norway, whereas the support for the authoritarian agenda is highest in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes procedural influences on budgetary outcomes in Danish local government. By analyzing local governments the study can remedy two shortcomings of most procedural budget studies. The first is that most studies analyze national budget procedures, which means that only a limited and quite heterogeneous number of cases can be analyzed. The second and more fundamental shortcoming in most studies is the lack of a distinction between political institutions and budget institutions. Although this distinction is difficult to establish for empirical analysis at the national level, it is immediately clear when dealing with local governments. The paper tests a number of hypotheses on procedural influences. It finds that budget institutions have no certain effects on budget outcomes in the preparatory phase. However, in the implementation phase budget institutions seem to matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on out-of-home care in Denmark. During the last generation, especially, there has been a growing tendency for Danes to rely on the public service system in instances of trouble and crisis instead of turning to their informal social networks of relatives, friends, and neighbors. As a result, their comprehensive child-welfare system has been strained. Until very recently, accelerating numbers of Danish children and youths were being placed outside of their own homes for extended periods of time. In 1987, 1.2 percent of the total population of minors were in foster family care and various forms of group care-with some 40 percent coming from seriously troubled families. Overloading of the system, along with depressed budgets, has brought about substantial reductions in the number of placements but has failed to stimulate additional interest in the identification of alternative forms of placements and funding. This was especially true for those alternatives in the private sector.

Data centres (DCs) are expected to satisfy the rising demand for internet services. Denmark alone is expected to host several large-scale DCs, whose demand for electricity in 2040 may reach 33% of 2017 national electricity consumption. Understanding the operation and interactions of DCs with energy systems is key to understanding their impacts on installed capacities, costs and emissions. The present paper makes three contributions in this regard. First, we introduce a thermodynamic model that relates the power consumption of DCs to their production of excess heat (EH). Second, the results are scaled up to represent DCs in a national energy-system model for the analysis of different scenarios. Third, scenarios are generated and analysed to quantify the impact of DCs on the Danish energy system until 2050. The results show that DCs might have significant impacts on Denmark's power and district heating (DH) sectors. First, the power demand from DCs translates into an additional 3–6 GW of offshore wind capacity. Second, EH from DCs is beneficial to the whole energy system, the entire quantity of EH being utilized in four out of five scenarios. EH recovery from DCs is economically beneficial, providing from 4% to 27% of Denmark's DH after 2040. • Thermodynamic model links data centres' power consumption to excess heat production. • Data centres are explicitly represented in the Danish energy system model TIMES-DK. • Several scenarios are characterized by different evolution of data centres. • Data centres' impact could be as high as 3–6 GW of additional offshore wind capacity. • Excess heat from data centres can supply 4%–27% of district heating after 2040. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate cost and budget impact of establishing ribociclib+letrozole (ribociclib) as a first-line treatment option for post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- advanced or metastatic breast cancer compared to palbociclib+letrozole (palbociclib) in Denmark. A two-year budget impact model with a Danish national payer perspective was developed to calculate the incremental cost of introducing ribociclib in patients with HR+/HER2- breast cancer eligible for treatment. The budget impact of introducing ribociclib as standard treatment in Denmark is cost-saving compared to palbociclib for the first line treatment of postmenopausal women with HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. [Extracted from the article]