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Large samples of hydrometeorological time series and catchment attributes are critical for improving the understanding of complex hydrological processes, hydrological model development and performance benchmarking. CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and Meteorological time series for Large Samples) datasets have been developed in several countries and regions around the world, providing valuable data sources and testbeds for hydrological analysis and new frontiers in data-driven hydrological modelling. Regarding the lack of samples from low-land, groundwater-dominated, small-sized catchments, we develop an extensive repository of a CAMELS-style dataset for Denmark (CAMELS-DK). This CAMELS addition is the first containing both, gauged and ungauged catchments as well as detailed groundwater information. The dataset provides dynamic and static variables for 3330 catchments from various hydrogeological datasets, meteorological observations, and a well-established national-scale hydrological model. The dataset is enhanced with streamflow observations in 304 of those catchments. The spatially dense and full spatial coverage, supplying data for 3330 catchments, instead of only gauged catchments, together with the addition of simulation data from a distributed, process-based model enhance the applicability of such CAMELS data. This is especially relevant for the development of data-driven and hybrid physical informed modelling frameworks. We also provide quantities related to human impact on the hydrological system in Denmark, such as groundwater abstraction and irrigation. The CAMELS-DK dataset is freely available at https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/AZXSYP (Koch et al., 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of human flourishing represents a salutogenic approach to epidemiological and behavioral research emphasizing factors contributing to "good lives" rather than pathology. The objective of this study was to translate and psychometrically test the 10‐item Flourish Index (FI) and 12‐item Secure Flourish Index (SFI) in a convenience sample of Danish adults. A total of 325 participants completed a cross‐sectional survey, with 148 of those participants completing the survey a second time (retest). Confirmatory factor analysis in a structural equation modelling framework was used to establish structural validity by comparing four different pre‐specified models of the indexes. Additionally, internal consistency, convergent and incremental validity, and retest reliability were examined. The FI models exhibited superior structural validity compared with similar models of the SFI, although all models had good fits. Internal consistencies with McDonald's omega were 0.89 and 0.87 for the FI and SFI, respectively. The five (FI) or six (SFI) domains were happiness & life satisfaction, mental & physical health, meaning & purpose, character & virtue, close social relationships, and financial & material stability (λ4 = 0.51–0.91). Convergent and incremental validity tests supported predefined hypotheses. Retest analyses with the FI and SFI showed a high degree of retest reliability. Based on the psychometric evidence reported in this study, the Danish Flourish Index and Secure Flourish Index seem suitable for use with healthy adult Danes. The authors hope that this psychometric evaluation of the FI and SFI will stimulate research on patterns, health and economic outcomes, and predictors of human flourishing in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most product development work in industrial practice is incremental, i.e., the company has had a product in production and on the market for some time, and now time has come to design an upgraded variant. This type of redesign project requires that the engineering designers have competences to carry through an analysis of the existing product encompassing both a user-oriented and a technical perspective, as well as to synthesize solution proposals for the upgraded variant. In the Product Analysis and Redesign course module we have developed a product analysis method and a staging of it, which have proven productive. In this paper we present the product analysis method and its staging, and we reflect on the students' application of it. We conclude that the method is a valid contribution to develop students' redesign competences.

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed the way of living for billions of people and severe restrictions were implemented by governments around the world, affecting the travel patterns of all citizens. This article investigates how travel patterns changed in the Greater Copenhagen area of Denmark during the full two-year period covering 2020 and 2021, thus allowing for an analysis of both the short-term and medium-term impacts as society gradually reopened and restrictions were lifted. The analysis covers large-scale travel survey data as well as a segmentation clustering analysis of public transport smart card data. The results showed that impacts were strongly linked to changes in trip purpose and were thus not uniformly distributed throughout the public transport system. User segmentation analysis revealed that most users changed to less intense travel use of public transport. The results highlight important policy implications in terms of how to adapt service provision within a public transport network more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children in foster care are psychologically vulnerable and show more social, developmental, and behavioral problems than those living with their family of origin. Many foster parents struggle to care for these children, some of whom have experienced severe adversity. Research and theory suggest that developing a strong and supportive foster parent–child relationship is essential for foster children to become more well-adjusted and experience a decrease in behavioral problems and emotional maladjustment. Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) for foster families aims at increasing the reflective functioning of the foster parents, thus promoting the development of more secure and less disorganized child attachment representations, which is subsequently proposed as a factor that reduces behavioral problems and emotional maladjustment in children and promotes their overall well-being. Methods: This is a prospective cluster-randomized controlled trial with two conditions: (1) the intervention group participating in MBT, and (2) the control group who receive usual care. Participants are 175 foster families with at least one foster child aged 4–17 years with emotional or behavioral problems. The intervention will be offered to foster families by 46 foster care consultants from 10 municipalities in Denmark. The foster care consultants will be randomized to MBT training (n = 23) or usual care (n = 23). The primary outcome is the psychosocial adjustment of the foster child measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) as reported by foster parents. Secondary outcomes include child well-being, parental stress, parent mental health, parent reflective function and mind-mindedness, parent/child relations, child attachment representations, and placement breakdown. In order to explore implementation fidelity as well as practitioner experiences, we will administer questionnaires designed for this study and conduct qualitative research exploring the practice of the MBT therapists. Discussion: This trial is the first experimental study of a family therapeutic intervention based on attachment theory for foster families within the Scandinavian context. This project will contribute with novel knowledge on attachment representations in foster children and the effects of an attachment-based intervention on essential outcomes for foster families and children. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05196724. Registered on January 19, 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study estimates the causal effect of paternal incarceration on children's educational outcomes measured at the end of compulsory schooling (9th grade) in Denmark. Methods: I use Danish administrative data and rely on a sentencing reform in 2000, which expanded the use of non-custodial alternatives to incarceration for traffic offenders, for plausibly exogenous variation in the risk of experiencing paternal incarceration. Results: The results show that paternal incarceration does not affect academic achievement (grade point average), but that it does reduce the number of grades obtained, and–most importantly–roughly doubles the risk of not even completing compulsory school and getting a 9th grade certificate. These findings are driven mainly by boys for whom paternal incarceration appear to be particularly consequential. Conclusions: The findings presented in this study highlight the presence of unintended and collateral consequences of penal policies–even in the context of a relatively mild penal regime. Effects are, however, estimated for a subgroup of Danish children experiencing paternal incarceration, and how results translate to other subgroups and beyond the Danish context is open for speculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests a protective effect of religious service attendance on various health outcomes. However, most research has been done in religious societies, raising the question of whether these associations are also prominent in secular cultures. Here we examine mortality and hospitalisations by religious service attendance among men and women in a secular society. We performed a cohort study including 2987 Danes aged 40+ interviewed in SHARE from 2004 to 2007 and followed up in the Danish registries until 2018. We used Cox regressions and negative binomial regressions to examine associations, including interactions with sex and adjusting for age, wave, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, body mass index, and history of diseases. Overall, 5.0% of men and 6.6% of women reported that they had taken part in a religious organisation within the last month. Among 848 deaths, we found lower mortality for people who attended religious services (hazard ratio (HR) 0.70; 95% CI 0.50–0.99). There was evidence for an association among women (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.35–0.89), but not among men (HR 0.95; 95% CI 0.59–1.53). In contrast, regarding hospital admissions (n = 12,010), we found lower hospitalisation rates among men who attended religious services (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.67; 95% CI 0.45–0.98), whereas no association was found among women (IRR 0.95; 95% CI 0.70–1.29). Sensitivity analyses with E-values were moderately robust. Our results contribute to the limited literature on possible health benefits of religious service attendance in secular societies, demonstrating lower mortality among women and fewer hospitalisations among men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual men (N=21) were studied as they related to health information over time to uncover motives for changing health habits relevant to prevention of coronary heart disease. Examples are presented, and cues to action are distinguished. Mediating factors and strategies for initiating changes in health behavior are discussed. (EMK)

Landslides are a frequent natural hazard occurring globally in regions with steep topography. Additionally, landslides are playing an important role in landscape evolution by transporting sediment downslope. Landslide inventory mapping is a common technique to assess the spatial distribution and extend of landslides in an area of interest. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) have proven to be useful databases to map landslides in large areas across different land covers and topography. So far, Denmark had no national landslide inventory. Here we create the first comprehensive national landslide inventory for Denmark derived from a 40 cm resolution DEM from 2015 supported by several 12.5 cm resolution orthophotos. The landslide inventory is created based on a manual expert-based mapping approach, and we implemented a quality control mechanism to assess the completeness of the inventory. Overall, we mapped 3202 landslide polygons in Denmark with a level of completeness of 87 %. The landslide inventory can act as a starting point for a more comprehensive hazard and risk reduction framework for Denmark. Furthermore, machine-learning algorithms can use the dataset as a training dataset to improve future automated mapping approaches. The complete landslide inventory is made freely available for download at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16965439.v1 (Svennevig and Luetzenburg, 2021) or as web map (https://data.geus.dk/landskred/) for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While qualitative evidence has highlighted psychological benefits of visitation during incarceration, and quantitative evidence has linked visitation to better post-release outcomes for inmates, we know little about heterogeneity in visitation patterns and the factors shaping them. Using Danish administrative data on inmates incarcerated at least a year between 2004 and 2014 (N = 5,441), we first examine average frequency and duration of family visits across the first year of incarceration and then describe five distinct visitation patterns using latent class analysis. Finally, we investigate what predicts visitation patterns. The findings highlight that (a) there is substantial heterogeneity in the patterns of family visitation and (b) both individual-level and institution-level factors partially predict this heterogeneity. Parenthood, high pre-incarceration income, and long sentences were associated with high levels of visitation and being placed far from home and transferred between facilities were associated with a higher risk of receiving low or decreasing levels of visitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on gymnasts in both retrospective and prospective injury surveillance studies. Topics include training culture and repression of female gymnasts making headlines and given rise to considerations in gymnastic federations worldwide; and Olympic Games in artistic gymnastics chosing to line up in suits with long legs for dissociatign themselves from sexualization.

This article is concerned with public participation and its linkages with appeal rights in planning decisions for major onshore wind farms in England and Denmark. We are particularly interested in how the legal framework shapes the scope of participation and appeals and, more specifically, whether a third party right to appeal (TPRA) has a participatory potential beyond the initial decision-making process. Despite structural differences, our analysis shows that in both countries the legal frameworks limit the participatory potential of administrative appeals, either through a restricted third party access to appeal mechanisms or through a restricted scope of review in appeals. Even where access is unrestricted, TPRA can hardly constitute an extension of participation, unless the scope for review is equally extended. Thus, reliance on TPRA as a participatory tool would require changes to the legal framework in both jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to disclose the role and features of various IT systems for environmental building performance (EBP) in facilities management. Design/methodology/approach: The study focuses on IT systems used for facilities management in four organisations. The study is based on a maximum variance case study in which the selected organisations have different organisation type and portfolio size. Three organisations are from Denmark and one is from the UK. Findings: Several IT systems can be used for managing EBP. EBP in IT systems is primarily reflected through energy management, with specific focus on monitoring and reporting electricity, heating and water consumption. Furthermore, greenhouse gas emissions related to energy consumption can be calculated in some IT systems, while other environmental categories like building materials and recycling potentials are not adequately supported by the systems covered in this study. Some IT systems offer additional features relating to EBP, such as waste management and space management, but the study shows that these features are not demanded at the current point. Practical implications: The results can be used to support decision-making in organisations to improve EBP in facilities management by IT systems. Originality/value: This study contributes with new knowledge on how IT systems are used in different organisations for managing EBP. The paper also shows how various IT systems can add value to real estate organisations and facilities management departments and support their business processes relating to EBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the link between mode choice and travel satisfaction is essential for promoting sustainable travel by expanding utility theory to include also the eudaimonic value of travel. The study focuses on the hypothesis that more then it's functional value of arriving from A to B, mode choice creates travel experiences that answer high-order needs such as relatedness, autonomy and competence. This study enhances the framework for representing travel mode choice by incorporating the model of human needs as the missing link between mode choice and travel satisfaction. By developing and analysing a large-scale survey from the Greater Copenhagen Area in Denmark, this study empirically proves that commuting mode choice relates to travel satisfaction by answering functional, relatedness and growth needs. The Greater Copenhagen area represents a region where transit, bicycle and car each have large modal shares, hence enabling to validate the approach in a multi-modal environment. Higher bicycle satisfaction relates positively to cycling self-concepts and self-efficacy and negatively to car self-concepts. Greater car use satisfaction increases with car self-concepts and transit use difficulties, and decreases with functional difficulties in car use and better cycling self-efficacy. Higher transit satisfaction mainly relates to experiencing difficulties with other modes. These insights can be used when formulating transport policies and prioritising resources aimed at achieving sustainable mobility patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comparative analysis of the regulation of ammonia emissions, primarily from livestock installations, in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. It discusses the challenges of regulating agricultural ammonia emissions in view of the rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on Art. 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. It is argued that the need to ensure certainty concerning the absence of significant effects on Natura 2000 sites is challenged by the uncertainties regarding both the state of individual habitat types and the potential impact of individual projects. A more integrated or programmatic approach may provide an alternative approach to individual assessments, but it is necessary to ensure that additional loads from new or enlarged livestock installations are permitted in areas with high ammonia loads only where it is certain that a programmatic approach will ensure that there are no harmful effects. This might be an almost impossible task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: This paper aims to focus on deliberate actions by the building client to integrate knowledge of facilities management, in particular building operation, in design and construction of sustainable facilities. Examples of current practices are studied to answer the following questions: Which initiatives to enable operational friendly and sustainable buildings are currently used by building clients in Denmark? Which initiatives could be appropriate to use in the future, and which parties are in the best position to implement the various initiatives? Design/methodology/approach: The study is a hermeneutic multi-method study, which consists of a review of former research, a case study and a survey. It starts with theoretical background based on earlier research with the aim to identify initiatives to ensure the use of operational knowledge in building design. Hereafter, the paper presents, analyses and discusses two studies: a case study of current practices at a university campus organisation and a survey of five swimming facilities. All cases are from Denmark. Findings: In all, 31 initiatives to enable use of operational knowledge in building design were initially identified. In the case study, 11 additional initiatives were found. The case study and the survey of swimming facilities show different degrees of implementation, varying from 18 to 31 initiatives implemented. However, the studies show that introducing the initiatives is not sufficient; it takes deliberate actions to get the initiatives well implemented. Within the building client organisation, three main actors should care for implementing the initiatives: Top management, building client division and operation division. Originality/value: Research-based literature on practices in relation to knowledge transfer from operation to design is limited. This paper provides insights into deliberate efforts on transferring knowledge from operation to design among Danish building clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Greater production of agricultural biomass for energy generation means a greater overlap between the energy and agricultural value chains. The production of biofuels from food crops was previously criticised as conflicting with food production. Use of so-called 'marginal land' is proposed to overcome previous controversies. Using interviews and document analysis, this paper explores the meaning of 'marginal land' for non-food energy crop production in Denmark and conflicts that arose over its proposed use. In Denmark there was a different conception of marginal land – environmentally sensitive land where intensive cultivation causes impacts. Policies were put in place to promote the use of this 'environmentally marginal land'. However, competing environmental objectives for this land – for different types of biodiversity, ecosystems services and aesthetic preferences meant these policies were repealed. The paper shows how discussions of biomass production on agricultural land, and particularly marginal land, reflect the nuances of competing land uses in agriculturally intensive countries like Denmark. It is not only a matter of trade-offs between different types of agricultural production, such as food and fuel, or between environmental benefits and production, but over the optimal environmental use of the land to achieve multifunctional benefits. As well as questions of equity, access and practicality, the marginal land debate in agriculturally intensive countries needs to include questions of appropriate and desired environmental outcomes and means of stakeholder engagement to establish these. Highlights • Growing biomass on marginal land is seen to overcome 'food versus fuel' debates. • Danish stakeholders identified marginal land as environmentally sensitive land. • Growing biomass on 'environmentally marginal' land creates environmental benefits. • Use of this land for biomass was resisted due to landscape and biodiversity change. • 'Marginal land' debates should include symbolic and aesthetic land use dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: IT platforms such as integrated workplace management system (IWMS) gain higher importance in real estate management, but there is a lack of knowledge on what IWMS is and what the drivers are for its implementation in real estate organisations. The paper aims to provide knowledge on this. Design/methodology/approach: The research combines theories of real estate management, IT implementations and change management, with a qualitative case study of IWMS implementation in a public real estate organisation in Denmark. The research data consist of customer surveys, document studies, semi-structured interviews and in-depth analysis of IWMS features. Findings: The paper identifies several drivers for IWMS implementation, such as data standardisation, validation and easier data exchange, business process optimisation, decrease in IT costs and improved customer service. Furthermore, the case study reveals that the IWMS implementation is not considered as a definite IT project but as an organisational change project impacting the entire organisation. Originality/value: There has so far not been any public real estate organisations in Denmark using IWMS, and the knowledge about IWMS in public real estate sector is therefore limited. To date, no one has analysed what the drivers are for IWMS implementation in real estate organisations. This research paper brings new knowledge on IWMS and presents drivers for IWMS implementation, observed from an implementation process in a public real estate organisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

K-means clustering is employed to identify recurrent delay patterns on a high traffic railway line north of Copenhagen, Denmark. The clusters identify behavioral patterns in the very large (“big data”) datasets generated automatically and continuously by the railway signal system. The results reveal the conditions where corrective actions are necessary, showing the cases where recurrent delay patterns take place. Delay profiles and delay change profiles are generated from timestamps to compare different train runs and to partition the set of observations into groups of similar elements. K-means clustering can identify and discriminate different patterns affecting the same stations, which is otherwise difficult in previous approaches based on visual inspection. Classical methods of univariate analysis do not reveal these patterns. The demonstrated methodology is scalable and can be applied to any system of transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is a well-known cause of skin cancer. This is problematic for outdoor workers. In Denmark alone, occupational skin cancer poses a significant health and safety risk for around 400,000 outdoor workers. Objective measures of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure are needed to help resolve this problem. This can be done using personal ultraviolet radiation dosimeters.Methods: We consider technical and practical feasibility of measuring individual solar ultraviolet exposure at work and leisure in professions with different á priori temporal high-level outdoor worktime, using aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) photodiode detector based personal UV-B dosimeters. Essential technical specifications including the spectral and angular responsivity of the dosimeters are described and pre-campaign dosimeter calibration applicability is verified. The scale and conduct of dosimeter deployment and campaign in-field measurements including failures and shortcomings affecting overall data collection are presented.Results: Nationwide measurements for more than three hundred and fifty workers from several different professions were collected in the summer of 2016. On average, each worker's exposure was measured for a 2-week period, which included both work and leisure. Data samples of exposure at work during a Midsummer day show differences across professions. A construction worker received high-level occupational UV exposure most of the working day, except during lunch hour, accumulating to 5.1 SED. A postal service worker was exposed intermittently around noon and in the afternoon, preceded by no exposure forenoon when packing mail, accumulating to 1.6 SED. A crane fitter was exposed only during lunch hour, accumulating to 0.7 SED. These findings are in line with our specialist knowledge as occupational physicians.Conclusions: Large-scale use of personal UV-B dosimeters for measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure at work and leisure in Denmark is indeed feasible from a technical and practical viewpoint. Samples of exposure data shown support the presumption that the Danish campaign UV-B dosimeter measurement dataset can be used to sum and compare exposure between groups of professions with reliable results to be used in future analysis with clinical as well as epidemiological/questionnaire data. This was despite some dosimeter failures and shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) is how to address diffuse agricultural pollution of the aquatic environment. In Denmark the implementation of agricultural measures has been fraught with difficulty in the form of delays and legal proceedings, despite an ambitious starting point. Why has the implementation of the WFD been so difficult? Based on an analysis of three core components (effectiveness, scale and legal issues) of three agricultural measures (riparian zones, reduced management of streams and catch crops), the paper argues that the legal and regulatory complexity of adopting mandatory land use related measures at the national level to achieve site-specific environmental objectives was underestimated in a top-down political process. The ambitious mandatory policy measures, which added to existing high regulation pressure, led to regulatory challenges, such as possible violation of private property rights raising questions about the actual environmental effects at local level. Consequently, political acceptability and legitimacy of the agricultural measures were undermined, resulting in a gradual withdrawal of the measures and a policy failure. It is argued that the adoption of more flexible measures to be implemented at the local level could have resulted in fewer difficulties from an economic and legal point of view as measures could have been applied where there was a clear environmental benefit, and possibly also at a lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Salmonella serotype Dublin is specifically adapted to cattle but may infect humans leading to severe disease. We described human S. Dublin cases and investigated a potential spatial relation between their addresses and cattle farms in Denmark. Methods: We extracted S. Dublin patient surveillance data, 2000–2014, and performed descriptive analyses. We geocoded residential and cattle farm addresses and mapped their incidence by region, province and municipality. We used linear correlation and spatial autocorrelation analysis at the municipality level and calculated the direct network distance from the nearest farm to the residential address of cases and 20,000 randomly selected citizens representing the background population. Results: We identified 484 S. Dublin cases, 57% were male, median age 65 years. Seven patients (1%) acquired their infection abroad. The 30 days all-cause mortality was 13%. Overall, cumulative incidence was 8.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. Cattle farms were located predominantly in the western part of the country. Neither visual inspection nor correlation analysis indicated a relationship between municipalities with high incidences of human cases and cattle farms. Global Moran's Index analysis showed municipalities with high incidence of cases to be randomly distributed. We found equal direct network distances between cattle farms and both addresses of S. Dublin cases and the background population. Conclusions: We found S. Dublin infections in Denmark to affect the elderly, be serious and acquired domestically. Our findings indicate that the risk of infection with S. Dublin in Denmark is independent of living in the proximity to cattle farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the barriers for building renovation in Denmark has revealed that an important obstacle is a lack of simple and holistic tools that can assist stakeholders in prioritisation and decision-making during the early stages of building renovation projects. The purpose of this article is to present a tool – RENO-EVALUE, which can be used as decision support for sustainable renovation projects, and for evaluation, during and after building renovations. The tool is a result from the European Eracobuild project ACES – “A concept for promotion of sustainable retrofitting and renovation in early stages”. This article presents the main result of a work package concerning benefits of renovation. RENO-EVALUE has been developed from four case studies on renovation projects in Denmark, tested and validated on the cases and in a Delphi study. The tool is value based by focusing on the different interests and values of the main stakeholders involved in building renovation. It is meant as a basis for dialogue among building professionals and building users and supports formulation of objectives for renovation projects. RENO-EVALUE can also be used for comparing alternative project proposals and to follow-up on a project and assess the results. The tool covers the four main parameters: Stakeholders, Environment, Organisation, and Economy. The evaluations are collected from different stakeholders by use of standardised information and interview templates. The test results of one case study of a social housing estate are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased markedly the past decades. However, recent studies have indicated that the development differ between different socio-economic groups and different geographic regions. The aim of this study was to assess the development in prevalence of overweight and obesity from 2006/2007 to 2010 by age, gender, socio-economic factors and geographical regions. Methods: Two cross-sectional surveys in three regions in Denmark (The Capital Region of Denmark, The Central Denmark Region and The North Denmark Region) were performed in 2006/2007 and 2010. A random sample of citizens aged more than or equal to 25 years was invited to participate. The overall response rate was 57.5% (n = 177 076). Data from questionnaire and central registers were included. Results: In 2006/2007, the prevalence of overweight, including obesity, was 54.3% and 36.8% among men and women, respectively. Of the overweight men 12.8% were obese and 11.8% women were obese. The prevalence was highest in the Northern region and among those who were older, had short education, was outside labour market, had low income and residents in rural areas. In 2010, the prevalence of overweight had increased to 56.3% and 39.6% in men and women, respectively (P < 0.0001). However, overweight increased the most in the Northern Region whereas no significant increase in body mass index was found among men in the Capital Region. Among women prevalence of overweight increased but not in those retired or above 60 years, and with high income. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was high and increased. The development, however, was heterogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 'burden reducing' agenda has spurred an increased interest in how EU environmental legislation is transposed into national legislation--most prominently reflected in the principle of 'no gold-plating'. Yet, an important question is to what extent transposition principles and practices may ensure a coherent and accessible body of environmental legislation, while at the same time ensuring adequate transposition of EU environmental legislation. This article analyses the existence, or emergence, of transposition principles and practices in three Member States--the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Denmark. It also examines how EU initiatives may influence these principles and practices. The article concludes that the steering of transposition processes by general transposition principles and objectives alone, and in particular those dominated by a 'burden reducing' agenda, has a limited focus on coherence and accessibility with respect to environmental legislation and that such issues deserve more attention in the transposition process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reminders are routinely applied in surveys to increase response rates and reduce the possibility of bias. This study examines the effect of multiple reminders on the response rate, non-response bias, prevalence estimates and exposure–outcome relations in a national self-administered health survey. Methods: Data derive from the Danish National Health Survey 2010, in which 298 550 individuals (16 years of age or older) were invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey using a mixed-mode approach (paper and web questionnaires). At least two reminders were sent to non-respondents, and 177 639 individuals completed the questionnaire (59.5%). Response patterns were compared between four groups of individuals (first mailing respondents, second mailing respondents, third mailing respondents and non-respondents). Results: Multiple reminders led to an increase in response rate from 36.7 to 59.5%; however, the inclusion of second and third mailing respondents did not change the overall characteristics of respondents compared with non-respondents. Furthermore, only small changes in prevalence estimates and exposure–outcome relationships were observed when including second and third mailing respondents compared with only first mailing respondents. Conclusions: Multiple reminders were an effective way to increase the response rate in a national Danish health survey. However, when differences do exist between respondents and non-respondents, the results suggest that second and third mailings are unlikely to eliminate these differences. Overall, multiple reminders seemed to have only minor effect on response patterns and study conclusions in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the welfare economic performance of fast charging infrastructure investments in Denmark by comparing the monetary value of waiting-time savings from increasing capacity with the cost of investment. Waiting-time calculations are based on interactions between a generalised queuing system and a microscopic space–time model of charging demand. The model allows calculating waiting-time distributions for a given capacity of chargers, leading us to determine the capacity required to fulfil different waiting-time guarantees and their welfare economic performance. The waiting-time distribution is a function of many key variables such as the speed of penetration, future charging speeds, and battery range of EVs. Since such inputs are highly uncertain, 24 scenarios for charging demand in 2030 are considered. These are based on different assumptions concerning technology and behaviour. We find that an efficient waiting-time guarantee, based on maximum waiting times, is approximately 10 min for a baseline scenario. • Planning of a fast-charging infrastructure for EVs for an entire country. • Micro-simulation framework with information-sharing. • Optimisation of sizing and placement accounting for cost of investment. • Investigation of cost–benefit performance of different service guarantees. • Optimal expected utilisation levels of chargers are between 20%–35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: It is generally acknowledged that water management must be based on an integrated approach, considering the entire freshwater cycle. This has in particularly been endorsed in Europe by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) imposing integrated management considering all waters. Although not prescribed by the WFD, integrated hydrological modelling may be necessary to support the management according to the directive as also suggested by several research projects initiated by the EU commission. To ensure a coherent and consistent management across various institutions and authorities, having different responsibilities and operating at various scales, a common tool integrating all relevant knowledge and data is imperative. By the end of 2003, a numerical national water resources model was constructed for Denmark, which has been applied in several national assessments. At the regional level there has, however, been some reluctance to use the model, primarily because the model did not contain the most recent data and understanding obtained from detailed local studies. The model has therefore been subject to a comprehensive update focussing on utilising the system understanding from the local studies. This process was largely stakeholder driven by involvement of predominantly the technical staff at the regional water authorities. Local knowledge is continuously improved urging the model update to be an on-going process. Based on experience from the update of the Danish national water resources model, three levels of model updating have been identified: 1) Basic data update – keeping the model up-to-date with respect to input data, 2) improving the model description by including new or more detailed data, and 3) reconstructing the model concept. The three levels vary with respect to technical tasks, challenges and stakeholder involvement. Two utility programs developed to optimise the updating process and support the uptake of data and knowledge from local users are furthermore presented. Finally, some of the challenges in operating a national model with multiple users belonging to different institutions with varying demands are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the implementation of building information modelling (BIM) in the Nordic countries of Europe with particular focus on the Danish building industry with the aim of making use of its experience for the Icelandic building industry. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on two separate analyses. In the first part, the deployment of information and communication technology (ICT) in the Icelandic building industry is investigated and compared with the other Nordic countries. In the second part the experience in Denmark from implementing and working with BIM is studied. Based on findings from both parts, ideas and recommendations are put forward for the Icelandic building industry about feasible ways of implementing BIM. Findings – Among the results are that the use of BIM is very limited in the Icelandic companies compared to the other Nordic countries. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited to the Nordic countries in Europe, but many recommendations could be relevant to other countries. Practical implications – It is recommended to the Icelandic building authorities to get into cooperation with their Nordic counterparts for making standards and guidelines related to BIM. Public building clients are also encouraged to consider initiating projects based on making simple building models of existing buildings in order to introduce the BIM technology to the industry. Icelandic companies are recommended to start implementing BIM immediately although in small steps. Originality/value – The research has particular value by its focus on how learning from implementation of BIM in one country can be used in another country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building commissioning has been gaining momentum and awareness within the building industry as a comprehensive quality assurance process that can be used throughout the buildings life cycle to ensure that the needs and requirements the owner has for the building are met. Although building commissioning is gaining momentum it is still far away from being viewed as normal practice within the building industry. Of the countries that are the closest to succeeding in making building commissioning normal practice, the United States is the leader. To decrease the time it will take for commissioning to become normal practice in countries were commissioning is taking its first steps or has not yet been used, it would be beneficial to learn from the leading nations on how they have implemented commissioning. Because the United States is among the leading nations in implementing commissioning, there is a lot that can be learned from on how that process has evolved and all the effort that has been put into research on building commissioning. This article investigates how the commissioning process is undertaken at a leading commissioning providing consulting company in Denmark, and presents a case study with a comparison between two shopping malls out of which one has not been through a commissioning process, while the other has. The benefits of commissioning are outlined and proposals for how the process can be improved in the Danish consulting company compared to the well-established ASHRAE 0-2005 guideline. Finally, the article discusses and concludes what the future steps for commissioning in a country like Denmark should be based on how commissioning has evolved in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients treated with haemodialysis are at high risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) often caused by arrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequent among haemodialysis patients and is associated with increased mortality. Prolonged QTc is a risk marker of ventricular arrhythmia and is thereby associated with SCD. Studies have suggested that n-3 PUFA may have an antiarrhythmic effect, but the exact mechanism is not clear. The aim of this study was to examine whether AF was associated with n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids and whether supplementation with n-3 PUFA would shorten the QTc interval in haemodialysis patients compared to placebo. In a double-blinded randomised, placebo-controlled intervention trial 206 haemodialysis patients with CVD were treated with 1·7 g n-3 PUFA or placebo (olive oil) daily for 3 months. Blood samples and electrocardiogram evaluations were carried out at baseline and after 3 months. The QT interval, PQ interval and heart rate were measured in all patients with sinus rhythm (SR). At baseline 13 % of patients had AF. The content of the n-3 PUFA, DHA, was significantly lower (P < 0·05) in serum of patients with AF compared with patients with SR. Thus, the DHA content was independently negatively associated with AF. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA did not shorten the QT interval significantly compared to the placebo group (P = 0·42), although subgroup analysis within the n-3 PUFA group revealed a shortening effects on QTc (P = 0·01). In conclusion, an inverse association was found between the presence of AF and the plasma DHA in haemodialysis patients. Intervention with n-3 PUFA did not shorten the QTc interval compared to placebo. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the shallow geothermal energy in Denmark. It is said that while the replacement of fossil fuels by shallow geothermal energy can bring reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, its use in Denmark remains limited. It notes that the exploitation of shallow geothermal energy involves the use of heat pumps to set the preferred operating temperature of the heating system. It adds that environment and groundwater protection is a priority in such energy project.

The article focuses on the centre left government of Denmark after the election in September 15, 2011 and the declaration of implementing green technologies that focuses on climate change, renewable energy and issues in chemical sectors. A focus is on the controversies faced by this government which includes those based on congestion charges, price cuts related to energy strategies and waste reform. The role of Nature and Environmental Board of Appeal in these issues is also discussed.

Briefing is not just about specifying needs as requirements but also about evaluating how well design proposals fulfil needs and aspirations. Furthermore, briefing is not only about building design. Briefing starts at the pre-project stage to create a basis for the project decision and can include a number of different processes with varying purposes before and during the design and construction activities. Thus, briefing can be regarded as a continuous process but it should also be an inclusive and interactive process with the involvement of all stakeholders, including end users. This article includes a literature study on briefing and user involvement in building projects, and presents a case study of a major building project of a new headquarters and media centre for the Danish Broadcasting Corporation in Copenhagen. The building project was actively used as part of a corporate change process by top management. The article describes the briefing processes and the methods for user involvement, identifies problem areas and points out possible improvements. The author was actively involved in the project as deputy project director, with responsibility for the briefing process, and is now a researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Groundwater modeling is undergoing a change from traditional stand-alone studies toward being an integrated part of holistic water resources management procedures. This is illustrated by the development in Denmark, where comprehensive national databases for geologic borehole data, groundwater-related geophysical data, geologic models, as well as a national groundwater-surface water model have been established and integrated to support water management. This has enhanced the benefits of using groundwater models. Based on insight gained from this Danish experience, a scientifically realistic scenario for the use of groundwater modeling in 2020 has been developed, in which groundwater models will be a part of sophisticated databases and modeling systems. The databases and numerical models will be seamlessly integrated, and the tasks of monitoring and modeling will be merged. Numerical models for atmospheric, surface water, and groundwater processes will be coupled in one integrated modeling system that can operate at a wide range of spatial scales. Furthermore, the management systems will be constructed with a focus on building credibility of model and data use among all stakeholders and on facilitating a learning process whereby data and models, as well as stakeholders' understanding of the system, are updated to currently available information. The key scientific challenges for achieving this are (1) developing new methodologies for integration of statistical and qualitative uncertainty; (2) mapping geological heterogeneity and developing scaling methodologies; (3) developing coupled model codes; and (4) developing integrated information systems, including quality assurance and uncertainty information that facilitate active stakeholder involvement and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemistry of wet Spodosols (Aquods) differs from well-drained Spodosols. Two different hypotheses have been suggested to explain the contrasting genesis of wet spodic horizons. This study attempted to determine whether Aquods at a Danish peat-bog wetland site are a result of(i) in situ illuviation under a fluctuating water cable, or (ii) degradation of a former Fe-rich, well-drained spodic horizon. Methods included soil surveys, wet chemical analyses, micromorphology, pollen analysis, and radiocarbon dating ofsoil organic matter (OM) fractions. Aquods, and soil material with spodic features, were exclusively found in sandy material at the margins of or underneath sphagnum peat bogs, whereas Inceptisols were found on well-drained sandy deposits only. Aluminum content was very high and Fe low in spodic materials with ortstein properties. Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of wet sandy 2Bs horizons were dominated by alkyl C (70%) from water-insoluble OM and were clearly distinct from NMR spectra of overlying 2Bhsm material. Pollen analysis revealed that an open forest with a thick mor layer dominated until shortly after 5000 yr BP, when sphagnum was first recorded. Radiocarbon ages of bulk soil C in the spodic horizons had mean residence times of 4500 to 4400 yr. Accordingly, the spodic B horizon was probably formed by strong in situ illuviation of Al-OM complexes before the sphagnum peat bog formation. This suggests that spodic material formation and thus strong C accumulation underneath this Danish peat bog took place for a limited period, only in susceptible parent material, and at the margins of the expanding peat bog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the implications of the movement towards entertainmentcentred, market-driven media by comparing what is reported and what the public knows in four countries with different media systems. The different systems are public service (Denmark and Finland), a 'dual' model (UK) and the market model (US). The comparison shows that public service television devotes more attention to public affairs and international news, and fosters greater knowledge in these areas, than the market model. Public service television also gives greater prominence to news, encourages higher levels of news consumption and contributes to a smaller withinnation knowledge gap between the advantaged and disadvantaged. But wider processes in society take precedence over the organization of the media in determining how much people know about public life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About half of the Danish agricultural land is drained artificially. Those drains, mostly in the form of tile drains, have a significant effect on the hydrological cycle. Consequently, the drainage system must also be represented in hydrological models that are used to simulate, for example, the transport and retention of chemicals. However, representation of drainage in large-scale hydrological models is challenging due to scale issues, lacking data on the distribution of drain infrastructure, and lacking drain flow observations. This calls for more indirect methods to inform such models. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that drain flow leaves a signal in streamflow signatures, as it represents a distinct streamflow generation process. Streamflow signatures are indices characterizing hydrological behaviour based on the hydrograph. Using machine learning regressors, we show that there is a correlation between signatures of simulated streamflow and simulated drain fraction. Based on these insights, signatures relevant to drain flow are incorporated in hydrological model calibration. A distributed coupled groundwater–surface water model of the Norsminde catchment, Denmark (145 km2) is set up. Calibration scenarios are defined with different objective functions; either using conventional stream flow metrics only, or a combination with hydrological signatures. We then evaluate the results from the different scenarios in terms of how well the models reproduce observed drain flow and spatial drainage patterns. Overall, the simulation of drain in the models is satisfactory. However, it remains challenging to find a direct link between signatures and an improvement in representation of drainage. This is likely attributable to model structural issues and lacking flexibility in model parameterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pestiviruses are widespread pathogens causing severe acute and chronic diseases among terrestrial mammals. Recently, Phocoena pestivirus (PhoPeV) was described in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) of the North Sea, expanding the host range to marine mammals. While the role of the virus is unknown, intrauterine infections with the most closely related pestiviruses— Bungowannah pestivirus (BuPV) and Linda virus (LindaV)—can cause increased rates of abortions and deaths in young piglets. Such diseases could severely impact already vulnerable harbour porpoise populations. Here, we investigated the presence of PhoPeV in 77 harbour porpoises, 277 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed seals (Pusa hispida) collected in the Baltic Sea region between 2002 and 2019. The full genome sequence of a pestivirus was obtained from a juvenile female porpoise collected along the coast of Zealand in Denmark in 2011. The comparative Bayesian phylogenetic analyses revealed a close relationship between the new PhoPeV sequence and previously published North Sea sequences with a recent divergence from genotype 1 sequences between 2005 and 2009. Our findings provide further insight into the circulation of PhoPeV and expand the distribution from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea region with possible implications for the vulnerable Belt Sea and endangered Baltic Proper harbour porpoise populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has demonstrated the low public acceptability of urban road pricing schemes, in particular before being implemented. However, acceptability has changed positively in cities that have introduced road pricing. The reasons for these acceptability changes are unclear. One reason for the acceptability change after the implementation of road pricing could be people's successful reduction of their car use in line with the psychological theory of cognitive dissonance. Therefore, this study investigated public acceptability changes, private car use reductions and their relationship in response to urban road pricing. Data from the AKTA road pricing experiment in Copenhagen, Denmark was used. This dataset provides the unique possibility to link driver's acceptability change with their car use reductions. In contrast to previous studies the majority of participants in AKTA (and in Copenhagen in general) supported road pricing before the start of the field experiment. However, no change in public acceptability was observed as a consequence of the experiment. Global positioning system-based car use indicators as well as subjective reports about car use reductions show that car drivers have reduced their car use in response to road pricing. However, only limited support for a relationship between acceptability change and reductions in car use was found. The implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question whether to introduce toll rings or road pricing in Copenhagen has been discussed intensively during the last 10 years. The main results of previous analyses are that none of the systems would make a positive contribution at present, when considered from a socioeconomic view. Even though quite a number of proposed charging systems have been examined only a few pricing strategies have been investigated. This paper deals with the optimisation of different designs for a road pricing system in the Greater Copenhagen area with respect to temporal and spatial differentiation of the pricing levels. A detailed transport model was used to describe the demand effects. The model was based on data from a real test of road pricing on 500 car drivers. The paper compares the price systems with regard to traffic effects and generalised costs for users and society. It is shown how important it is to evaluate different temporal and spatial charge settings for a given road pricing system. In particular, the kilometre-based system could be considerably improved. By optimising the system it became profitable with regard to generalised user costs. However, even though the best toll ring could be considerably improved, it did not reach break-even with regard to generalised user costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who are homeless belong to some of the most vulnerable, dispersed and disorganized groups in welfare societies. Yet in 2001, a national interest organization of homeless people was formed for the first time in Denmark. This article identifies the processes that facilitated the formation of the organization. It focuses on the importance of ideological and institutional conditions and changes, and it stresses the importance of alliances between progressive actors in the field and in the political-administrative system, in addition to the presence of dedicated activists among people who are or have been homeless. The analysis may thus serve as a case of inspiration for activists and professionals who want to improve homeless people's opportunities for participation in other national settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We studied musculoskeletal diseases (MSD) and injuries among fishermen and seamen with focus on low back disorders, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), rotator cuff syndrome and arthrosis. Methods: Cohorts of all male Danish seamen (officers and non-officers) and fishermen employed 1994 and 1999 with at least six months employment history were linked to the Occupational Hospitalisation Register. We calculated standardised incidence ratios (SIR) for the two time periods, using rates for the entire Danish workforce as a reference. Results: Among fishermen, we found high SIRs for knee arthrosis, thoraco-lumbar disc disorders, injuries and statistically significant SIRs above 200 were seen for both rotator cuff syndrome and CTS. The SIR was augmented for injuries and reduced for hip arthrosis between the two time periods. The SIRs for injuries and CTS were high for non-officers. A sub-analysis revealed that the highest risk for CTS was found among male non-officers working as deck crew, SIR 233 (95% CI: 166-317) based on 40 cases. Among officers, the SIRs for injuries and MSDs were low. The number of employed Danish fishermen declined with 25% 1994-1999 to 3470. Short-term employments were common. None of the SIRs increased with increasing length of employment. Conclusion: Both fishermen and non-officers have high SIRs for injuries and fishermen also for MSD. Only the SIR for injuries among fishermen was augmented between 1994 and 1999. Our findings suggest an association between the incidence of rotator cuff syndrome and CTS and work within fishery. Long-term cumulative effects of employment were not shown for any of the disease outcomes. Other conditions may play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Seafarers' and fishermen's working conditions may impact on their lifestyle and health. Standardized hospital contact ratios (SHCRs) were compared in two time periods and the relative risks of hospital contact as a function of employment time were estimated. Methods: Cohorts of all Danish seafarers (officers and non-officers) registered by the Danish Maritime Authority (DMA) 1989-98 and fishermen retrieved from a pension registry 1989-98 were linked to the nationwide Occupational Hospitalization Registry (OHR) and followed up for incident diseases in two five-year time periods, from 1 January 1994 and 1 January 1999, respectively, using rates specific for age and calendar time for the entire Danish workforce as a reference. Results: The SHCRs for lung and cardiovascular diseases were high for non-officers. Among male officers, the SHCR for diabetes was high in the 1999 cohort and the SHCR for chronic heart diseases was statistically significantly higher in the 1999 than in the 1994 cohort. For both time periods high SHCR values were found for bronchitis, emphysema, cancer of the lung, alcohol-related liver diseases, and diabetes among male non-officers, and lung cancer among male officers. Among female non-officers, a high SHCR for skin melanomas was seen. Among fishermen high SHCRs for bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer, and Raynaud's syndrome were found in both cohorts. No duration-response pattern was observed in any of the analyses, which may reflect health- and lifestyle-related selection into the trades or a healthy worker effect. Conclusions: Danish seafarers, especially short-term employees, had an elevated risk of hospitalization for lifestyle-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Road pricing, congestion charging, toll-systems and other road charging instruments are intensively discussed in many countries. Although many partial analyses of the consequences have been published, few overall socio-economic analyses have been carried out. The article presents such a socio-economic analysis of four different proposed road pricing schemes for the Copenhagen area. The purpose was to assess all benefits and costs involved, including impacts on traffic and environment, maintenance and financing costs as well as tax distortion effects. It was concluded that the socio-economic surplus of the projects depends crucially on the congestion level. With the current traffic level, road pricing will not yet be socially expedient in Copenhagen. However, if the opening year is postponed to 2015, the two most favourable schemes will turn positive. The analyses also showed that the magnitude of demand response by introducing road pricing is likely to have significant impact on the project surplus. This is an important observation because most short-term driven traffic models will then underestimate the projected surplus. Finally, it was found that the degree to which benefits outweigh costs depends considerably on the use of revenue. Although it may contribute to decreasing road congestion, recycling all of the revenue back to the transport sector turned out to be inefficient and costly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]