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Aims: The objective of the study was to compare grade point averages (GPAs) on compulsory school exit exams (exam GPA) and educational attainment at age 16 and 20 for individuals with and without type 1 diabetes. Methods: This study was a population‐based retrospective cohort study, which included the 1991 to 1998 birth cohorts in Denmark. Follow‐up was conducted at age 16 and 20 (follow‐up period; 1 January, 2007 to 31 December, 2018). There were 2083 individuals with and 555,929 individuals without type 1 diabetes. Linear regression and generalized linear models compared outcomes with and without adjustments for socio‐economic characteristics. Results: A total of 558,012 individuals (51% males) were followed to the age of 20. Having type 1 diabetes was associated with a lower exam GPA when adjusting for socio‐economic status (difference: −0.05 (95% CI, −0.09 to −0.01), a higher relative risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 (1.37, 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.53)), and a higher relative risk of not completing or being enrolled in upper secondary education by age 20 (1.05, 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.10). Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <58 mmol/mol (7.5%), >7 BGM/day and insulin pump use were associated with better educational achievement. Conclusion: Type 1 diabetes was associated with a marginally lower exam GPA and a higher risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 and lower educational attainment by age 20. The findings were modified by HbA1c, BGM and insulin pump use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Managing the chronic illness type 1 diabetes (T1D) is extremely demanding, especially during adolescence. Self‐efficacy is belief in one’s own capabilities and this is crucial for diabetes management. Having a valid method for measuring self‐efficacy is important. Objective: Our aims were to psychometrically validate a Danish version of the self‐efficacy in diabetes management (SEDM) questionnaire, and to examine the relationship between background variables and self‐efficacy. Methods: All Danish adolescents with T1D (n = 1075) were invited to participate in our study. In total, 689 agreed to participate and 602 completed the study. Data were collected using a web‐based survey. All participants were asked to provide a blood sample for HbA1c measurement. Graphical log‐linear Rasch modeling (GLLRM) was used to validate the questionnaire and its reliability was assessed using Monte Carlo simulation. Results: We found the questionnaire to be valid and reliable, but it had a dual structure that suggested a need for 2 separate subscales. One subscale related to practical (SEDM1) and the other to emotional (SEDM2) aspects of diabetes management. Both subscales were targeted toward adolescents with lower self‐efficacy and were associated with HbA1c. SEDM1 was influenced by treatment modality and age. In SEDM2 we found an interaction between age and sex. Conclusion: The Danish version of the SEDM questionnaire should be divided into two parts, each with a valid and reliable subscale for self‐efficacy measurement. The relationship between self‐efficacy and age seems to differ between boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Zinc is an essential micronutrient and zinc deficiency is associated with immune dysfunction. The neonatal immune system is immature, and therefore an optimal neonatal zinc status may be important. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between neonatal whole blood (WB)-Zinc content and several immune markers. (2) Methods: In total, 398 healthy newborns (199 who later developed type 1 diabetes and 199 controls) from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank had neonatal dried blood spots (NDBS) analyzed for WB-Zinc content and (i) cytokines: Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and transforming growth factor beta; (ii) adipokines: leptin and adiponectin; (iii) other immune response proteins: C-reactive protein (CRP), and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), and soluble triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells1 (sTREM-1). WB-Zinc content was determined using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For each analyte, the relative change in mean level was modelled by a robust log-normal model regression. (3) Results: No association was found between WB-Zinc content and all the immune response markers in either the unadjusted or adjusted models overall or when stratifying by case status. (4) Conclusions: In healthy Danish neonates, WB-Zinc content was not associated with cytokines, adipokines, CRP, MBL or sTREM, which does not indicate a strong immunological function of neonatal zinc status.