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This paper deals with the ways in which minority students in the Danish public school system bring mono-lingually based norms into their poly-lingual peer group interaction. In sequential micro-analyses of interaction we show how the students use the voice of an authority in their reproduction and negotiation of linguistic norms. We base our analyses on the Bakhtinian concept of "double-voicing," the Goffmanian concept of "keying" and Tholander's concept of "subteaching." We discuss in detail the relation between the local practices of the students and the linguistic norms expressed in broader society, for instance in newspaper editorials and government papers.

In many areas of applied sciences, such as management and engineering, the generation and dissemination of theory and knowledge is increasingly woven into practice. This leaves teaching and research institutions with the challenge of developing and organising teaching activities that are effective from a student learning perspective. This paper presents the design and the operating principles of a learning environment that has been formulated in a joint development by teachers and researchers of the universities of Zaragoza (Spain) and Aalborg (Denmark). In this paper we describe what the learning environment developed consists in, beginning by presenting the theoretical foundation considered for its design, to then describe it in detail and present it. Finally, we will discuss the implications of this environment for researching and teaching in this field, and gather the conclusions of this study and the future developments to be considered. (Contains 1 figure and 6 tables.)

This study investigated 282 eight- to twelve-year-old Danish majority children's judgments and justifications of exclusion based on gender and ethnicity (i.e., Danish majority children and ethnic-minority children of a Muslim background). Children's judgments and reasoning varied with the perpetrator of the exclusion and the social identity of the target. Children assessed exclusion based on ethnicity as less acceptable than exclusion based on gender and used more moral reasoning for the former than the latter. Children judged it less acceptable for a teacher than a child to exclude a child protagonist. Children were sensitive to status, judging it less acceptable to exclude a less powerful group member. The findings are discussed in relation to intergroup relations in Denmark.

Despite the obvious importance of deciding which career to pursue, little is known about the influence of personality on career choice. Here we investigated the relation between sensation seeking, a supposedly innate personality trait, and career choice in classical and "rhythmic" students at the academies of music in Denmark. We compared data from groups of 59 classical and 36 "rhythmic" students, who completed a psychological test battery comprising the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, as well as information about demographics and musical background. "Rhythmic" students had significantly higher sensation seeking scores than classical students, predominantly driven by higher boredom susceptibility. Classical students showed significantly higher levels of state anxiety, when imagining themselves just before entering the stage for an important concert. The higher level of anxiety related to stage performance in classical musicians was not attributed to group differences in trait anxiety, but is presumably a consequence of differences in musical rehearsing and performance practices of the two styles of music. The higher sensation seeking scores observed in "rhythmic" students, however, suggests that personality is associated with musical career choice. (Contains 5 figures.)

We examine the relationship between research and teaching practices as they are enacted by university professors in a research-intensive university. First we propose a theoretical model for the study of this relationship based on Chevallard's anthropological theory. This model is used to design and analyze an interview study with physical geographers and mathematicians at the University of Copenhagen. We found significant differences in how the respondents from the two disciplines assessed the relationship between research and teaching. Above all, while geography research practices are often and smoothly integrated into geography teaching even at the undergraduate level, teaching in mathematics may at best be "similar" to mathematical research practice, at least at the undergraduate level. Finally, we discuss the educational implications of these findings.

This paper deals with linguistic diversity as it occurs in a conversation over dinner between three young Turkish-Danish men living in Denmark. I argue that terms like "bilingual" or "multilingual" are inappropriate in order to describe this verbal interaction because these terms presuppose that linguistic production is divided in categories in advance. Instead I suggest the term "polylingual" as more sufficient in describing the fluent use of linguistic features which are locally constructed as categories of linguistic features, regardless of how linguistic features are categorised in society at large. Using sequentially based micro analysis I show how polylingual behaviour is used for a range of linguistic purposes. I focus on the interplay between polylingual behaviour and other linguistic resources used in e.g. performance in order to negotiate local identity and power relations.

This article provides a cross-national perspective on successful school principalship in three countries derived from an analysis of case studies in the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP). The ISSPP aims to investigate the characteristics, processes and effects of successful school leadership across eight countries (i.e. Australia, Canada, England, the United States, China, Denmark, Sweden and Norway). Examples from the USA, Norway and China (Shanghai) were selected to illustrate cross-national differences related to the societal purposes of education, the structure and funding of different national educational systems and the influence of particular governmental educational policies (i.e. accountability-oriented policies) on the leadership practices of individual school principals. Variations in selection criteria and research procedures were also noted. Recommendations for further research using a cultural framework include analysing multiethnic schools to identify culturally specific leadership practices as well as developing further ISSPP case studies in non-Western contexts. (Contains 1 note.)

Construction of scientific knowledge can be seen as a struggle over who should define the terms and conditions of legitimate fields of research. Sociologists of scientific knowledge (SSK) have pointed to the importance of analysing scientific knowledge in the same way as other types of knowledge. This idea guides the present paper on Danish research in agriculture and rural areas. Based on an ethnographic study of researchers involved in rural studies, we take stock of the agri-rural research community in Denmark and reflect upon the how and why "fashions" in Danish rural studies differ from "fashions" in rural studies in the UK. In the analysis, we show how a research community construct and reconstruct itself in relation to what is perceived as legitimate fields of research. Finally, the paper gives insight into the research world of those doing research outside the UK and adds to the discussion of "putting philosophies of geography into practice" that is on-going in British geography.

The present longitudinal study investigated the relationship between pre-school semantic skills (vocabulary, comprehension and sentence construction), phonological awareness and later word decoding and reading comprehension skills. More than 200 Danish children were followed from a speech therapist screening at the age of three, through a phonological group screening at six, word decoding tests in Grade 2, sentence reading tests in Grades 3, 4, and 6, and to a text reading test in Grade 9 (age 16). The predictor variables consisted of both standardized test results, professional ratings, and a factor of interest in books. The results showed that both the semantic variables and interest in books at the age of three and the phonological variables at the age of six predicted reading development significantly at the age of 16. In addition the results demonstrated changing main effect from semantic and phonological variables on reading development. Phonological awareness at the age of 6 seemed to have the greatest influence on reading at the beginning of Grade 2 compared to the semantic variables at the age of three. On all other measures in time, the semantic variables had the greatest influence. (Contains 2 tables.)

This study's purpose was to determine whether science teaching self-efficacy beliefs among new teachers of elementary science interact significantly with teaching environments in their schools. The study hypothesized a mechanism by which environments can interact with self-efficacy and, consequently, affect the quality of science teaching. The self-efficacy of new elementary teachers from Denmark was assessed at the beginning, middle, and end of their first year of teaching. Their teaching success and environments were also assessed. It was found that positive changes in self-efficacy seemed positively related to the occurrence of environmental factors helpful to teaching ("r"= 0.401; "p"= 0.011; "n"= 39). In three case studies, there was some support for this association from assessments, interviews, and success in teaching.

Investigates young peoples' knowledge and the culture influence using a cross-sectional approach. Involves n=586 pupils from 11 different countries and analyzes resultant drawings using a seven point scale where the criterion was anatomical accuracy. (Contains 24 references.) (Author/YDS)

Objective: To describe characteristics of patients admitted with refractory cardiac arrest for possible extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and gain insight into the reasons for refraining from treatment in some.Methods: Nationwide retrospective cohort study involving all tertiary centres providing ECPR in Denmark. Consecutive patients admitted with ongoing chest compression for evaluation for ECPR treatment were enrolled. Presenting characteristics, duration of no-flow and low-flow time, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), lactate and pH, and recording of reasons for refraining from ECPR documented by the treating team were recorded. Outcomes were survival to intensive care unit admission and survival to hospital discharge.Results: Of 579 patients admitted with refractory cardiac arrest for possible ECPR, 221 patients (38%) proceeded to ECPR and 358 patients (62%) were not considered candidates. Median prehospital low-flow time was 70 min (IQR 56 to 85) in ECPR patients and 62 min (48 to 81) in no-ECPR patients, p<0.001. Intra-arrest transport was more than 50 km in 92 (42%) ECPR patients and 135 in no-ECPR patients (38%), p=0.25. The leading causes for not initiating ECPR stated by the treating team were duration of low-flow time in 39%, severe metabolic derangement in 35%, and in 31% low ETCO2. The prevailing combination of contributing factors were non-shockable rhythm, low ETCO2, and metabolic derangement or prehospital low-flow time combined with low ETCO2. Survival to discharge was only achieved in six patients (1.7%) in the no-ECPR group.Conclusions: In this large nationwide study of patients admitted for possible ECPR, two-thirds of patients were not treated with ECPR. The most frequent reasons to abstain from ECPR were long duration of prehospital low-flow time, metabolic derangement and low ETCO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and macrolide resistance‐associated mutations and coinfection with other sexually transmitted bacteria in Southern Jutland, Denmark, where this information is very limited. Urinary samples from patients suspected of sexually transmitted bacterial infections collected at primary healthcare facilities in Southern Jutland are routinely tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 601 of these samples were analysed with SpeeDx MG+23S reagents, which can detect M. genitalium and macrolide resistance‐mediating mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. Moreover, 147 C. trachomatis positive urinary samples from routine test were also analysed with the PCR assay to detect M. genitalium. 72 out of 601 samples were detected positive for C. trachomatis (12%), five samples (0.83%) positive for N. gonorrhoeae and 25 samples positive for M. genitalium (4.2%). 14 of the 25 M. genitalium samples were detected having 23S rRNA gene mutations associated with macrolide resistance (56%). 25 of 147 C. trachomatis positive samples were tested positive for M. genitalium (17%) and two of them were positive for M. genitalium and N. gonorrhoeae (1.4%). The high prevalence of M. genitalium and macrolide resistance‐associated mutation and the coinfection with C. trachomatis in the region suggesting that M. genitalium testing should be included in routine sexually transmitted infection screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* OBJECTIVE: To investigate change in shoulder rotation strength from preseason to midseason during a competitive season in youth elite handball players without shoulder problems. * DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. * METHODS: Players (n = 292,45% female, 14-18 years of age) without shoulder problems from Danish youth elite handball clubs were assessed in the preseason and midseason. We measured isometric shoulder strength using handheld dynamometry in internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) in supine, with the shoulder abducted 90° in neutral rotation and in 30° of IR. The primary outcome was the change in corresponding ER/IR ratio. * RESULTS: The mean ER/IR ratios increased from preseason to midseason in neutral rotation (male player difference, 0.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.01,0.06; female player difference, 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01,0.09) and in 30° of IR (male player difference, 0.15; 95% Cl: 0.11,0.20; female player difference, 0.12; 95% Cl: 0.07,0.17). The change in ER/IR ratio may be explained by an increase in ER strength in female players and a decrease in IR strength in male players. The amount of change in ER/IR ratio over the season was greater than individual measurement error metrics for 45% to 66% of the players. * CONCLUSION: Shoulder rotation strength ratios changed during a competitive season in Danish youth elite handball players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Secondary sphincter repair has been the conventional management of anal incontinence (AI) when a structural defect in the sphincter is recognized. However, disappointing long‐term results have contributed to a tendency towards an increasing use of alternative treatment methods. This study aimed to assess the long‐term functional outcomes following a secondary sphincter repair in women with AI after obstetric sphincter injury. Method: This is a questionnaire study of women who underwent a secondary sphincter repair in Denmark between January 1990 and December 2005. Patients were identified through the Danish National Patient Registry. Functional outcomes were assessed by a self‐administered questionnaire in 2010 and 2018. Primary outcomes were Wexner and St. Mark's scores. Impact on quality of life was assessed using the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale. Results: Functional outcome was assessed in 370 women in 2010 and 255 women in 2018. At 18.3 [interquartile range (IQR 15.0–22.0)] years of follow‐up, the mean ± SD Wexner score was 8.8 ± 4.8 and the mean St. Mark's score was 11.7 ± 5.0. Flatus incontinence was the most frequent symptom, reported by 97%. Incontinence for liquid and solid stools was reported by 75% and 54%, respectively. There were no significant changes in incontinence frequencies over time. Women with a Wexner score of ≥ 9 had a significantly lower quality of life score in all domains than did women with a Wexner score of < 9 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: At long‐term follow‐up, few patients are fully continent following a secondary sphincter repair. However, it appears that the functional results remain stable at very long‐term follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: Refugee children and their families constitute a vulnerable group regarding health and access to care. In a register-based cohort design, we examined differences in uptake of immunisations and child health examinations between refugee children and Danish-born children, including predictors of uptake among refugee children. Refugee children (n = 16,701) who, between January 1993 and December 2010, obtained residency permits in Denmark were included and matched in a 1:6 ratio on age and sex with Danish-born children (n = 100,206). Personal identification numbers were cross-linked to the National Danish Health Service Register, identifying all contacts for immunisation and child health examinations. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) of uptake. Refugee children had a lower uptake of all immunisations compared to Danish-born children. The lowest uptake was found for immunisation against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio (HR = 0.50; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.48-0.51). Participation in child health examinations was also lower among refugee children with the lowest at the last child health examination at age 5 (HR = 0.48; 95 % CI 0.47-0.50). Adjusting the analysis for parental income increased the HRs by 10-20 %.Conclusion: This Danish register-based study using nationwide data revealed a lower uptake of routine immunisations and child health examinations among refugee children compared to Danish-born children.What Is Known: •Uptake of immunisation and child health examination is associated with low household income, unemployment and low educational status among the parents. •Uptake may be even lower among refugee families as they constitute a vulnerable group regarding access to healthcare. What is New: •Refugee children had lower uptake of immunisations and child health examinations compared to Danish-born children. •Several predictors of uptake were identified including region of origin and duration of residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The coronavirus pandemic (COVD-19) has resulted in many rules and restrictions in the interest of public safety. In the present study, we sought to follow-up and expand on the study by Naylor et al. (2020), by examining the impact of COVID-19 on hearing impaired people living in the greater Copenhagen area, Denmark (DK) and the greater Chicago area, United States (USA) during February 2021, when COVID-19 infection rates and restrictions were at their peak. Material: The survey design was guided by previous COVID-19 and hearing loss surveys (Saunders et al., 2020, Naylor et al., 2020). It was revised and updated using a fast iterative process as survey results were time sensitive. The final survey contained 24 questions. Eighteen were fixed quantitative responses and six were open-response questions. Questions asked about self-reported hearing ability and hearing aid use, tinnitus, and the use of face masks and communication behaviors during COVID-19. The survey was administered online using SurveyMonkey®. Methods: Participants were recruited from the DK and USA GN Hearing test persons database. The participants in this database are volunteers, who have agreed to be contacted to participate in a variety of studies. Questions were grouped into one of five themes: hearing and hearing aids; tinnitus; behaviors; communication; and emotions. Descriptive statistics report the overall findings from the quantitative survey questions and qualitative questions were analyzed using content analysis. Open-ended questions in Danish were translated to English before they were analyzed. Next, subgroup comparisons were examined for hearing status, region, and age. For hearing status, participants were divided into better hearing (BH) and worse hearing (WH) subgroups based on self-rated hearing ability. For region, DK responses were compared to USA responses. For age, participants under 80 years were compared to participants 80 and over. Results: In total, 294 people responded to the survey giving an overall response rate of 56.7%. Participants' ages ranged from 28 to 95 years (M=71 years). Dividing participants in to hearing status subgroups, 78% are in the worse hearing (WH) group and 22% are in the better hearing (BH) group. 94% of participants reported wearing hearing aid/s. 79% reported using hearing aids >8 hours per day and 77% reported wearing hearing aids as much as before COVID-19. 84% agreed that it was always or sometimes difficult to understand when communicating with a person wearing a mask, primarily citing lack of lip reading and facial expressions and distortion of sound as the reason. WH group reported significantly more than BH group difficulties understanding speech when speaker was wearing a mask, that they worry about communicating with someone wearing a mask and that they are relived not having to attend social events where they might hear poorly. Some significant differences between regions were also seen. Ownership of hearing aids was significantly higher in DK than USA, even though the difference in self-reported hearing was not significantly different between the two regions. Significantly more people in USA report daily conversations with masked persons and also report an increase in use of video calls since COVID-19. Conclusions: Self-reported hearing loss was the dominant driver of differences seen in the current study. People with WH had a different experience with COVID-19 than people with BH. WH reported greater diffi- culty understanding speakers wearing masks and more anxiety. WH people were also less likely to report reduced hearing aid use time during COVID-19. Many people, also with selfreported BH, have difficulties understanding speech, when the speaker is wearing a mask. This indicates that it is very important to be mindful of good communication strategies when speaking wearing a mask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the text of a speech delivered by Jesper Moller Sorenson, Ambassador of Denmark to Pakistan, at the Pakistani Institute of International Affairs (PIIA) on February 17, 2014. Sorenson discussed Denmark's engagement in Pakistan and its relationship with the European Union (EU). He also talked about the inclusion of Pakistan in a stabilization program of Denmark.

The purpose of this study was to identify factors which predict service use over time in patients with co-morbid mental health and substance use disorders (dual diagnosis). Three hundred and fifty-two patients with dual diagnosis were recruited from acute psychiatric inpatient units at seven European sites. At baseline and 9 months follow-up, socio-demographic and clinical information, as well as information concerning the use of treatment services was collected. Predictors for use of psychiatric and substance misuse services at follow-up were studied using multinomial logistic regression models. At follow-up, patients with dual diagnosis used psychiatric services significantly more than substance use services. The main predictor of service use at follow-up is influenced by the study site and not by psychopathology. More networking and signposting are needed especially for substance misuse services. Service provision and planning can improve access of vulnerable populations even when psychopathology improves. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: An ipsilateral hip adduction/abduction strength ratio of more than 90%, and hip adduction strength equal to that of the contralateral side have been suggested to clinically represent adequate strength recovery of hip adduction strength in athletes after groin injury. However, to what extent side-to-side symmetry in isometric hip adduction and abduction strength can be assumed in soccer players remains uncertain.Purpose: To compare isometric hip adduction and abduction strength on the dominant and nondominant side in injury-free soccer players.Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods: One hundred elite soccer players were included. Maximal unilateral isometric hip adduction and abduction strength on the dominant and nondominant side were measured with a handheld dynamometer, using a reliable test procedure.Results: The dominant side was stronger than the nondominant side for both isometric hip adduction (2.45 ± 0.54 vs 2.37 ± 0.48 Nm/kg, P = .02) and hip abduction (2.35 ± 0.33 vs 2.25 ± 0.31 Nm/kg, P < .001), corresponding to a 3% and 4% difference, respectively. Isometric hip adduction was greater than isometric hip abduction for both the dominant (2.44 ± 0.53 vs 2.35 ± 0.33 Nm/kg, P = .04) and nondominant (2.37 ± 0.48 vs 2.26 ± 0.33 Nm/kg, P = .03) side. Isometric hip adduction/abduction ratio was not different between the dominant (1.04 ± 0.18) and nondominant (1.06 ± 0.17, P = .40) side. A post hoc analysis showed that isometric hip adduction/abduction ratio was significantly lower in players with groin pain during hip adduction testing compared with players with a pain-free test (0.80 ± 0.14, P < .001)Conclusion: The marginal difference between the dominant and the nondominant side is within the measurement variation of the test procedure, and contralateral isometric hip adduction strength can therefore be used as a simple clinical reference point of full recovery of hip adduction muscle strength in soccer players. Furthermore, it is suggested that the ipsilateral hip adduction/ abduction strength ratio is used as a guideline for evaluating hip adduction strength recovery in soccer players with bilateral groin problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to monitor changes over time in aerobic fitness and obesity in order to target interventions when health deteriorates. We analyzed data from three population studies of adolescents carried out in 1983, 1997, and 2003. Participants were 1050 adolescents from the whole country of Denmark in 1983, 410 in 1997, and 418 in 2003, the two latter cohorts from the City of Odense. VO2max was estimated from maximal power output (MPO) in a cycle test with progressively increasing workload. Estimated VO2max for boys and girls was 52 and 41 mL/min/kg, respectively, both in 1983, 1997, and 2003 with no difference between the three cohorts. However, body mass index (BMI) increased 10% in the upper decentile of the distribution since 1983. MPO decreased over time, but validation studies showed that this was not due to decreased VO2max. The cohort from 1983 was tested twice by school teachers and experienced scientists, and the scientists found higher MPO than school teachers in the same subjects, which emphasize the importance of good validation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between nocturia and medical diseases, medication, urinary incontinence (UI), recurrent cystitis, smoking, alcohol, parity, hysterectomy, pelvic organ prolapse surgery, UI surgery, and prostate surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The previously validated questionnaire the Nocturia, Nocturnal Enuresis and Sleep-interruption Questionnaire was sent to 2000 women and 2000 men aged 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80 years. The population was selected at random from The Danish Civil Registration System. RESULTS Using multiple logistic regressions UI and age were significantly associated with nocturia irrespective of severity. Nocturia of ≥1 voids was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI), hypertension, and smoking; and nocturia of ≥2 voids with gender, BMI, diabetes and recurrent cystitis, as well as between nocturia of ≥3 voids and gender, lung disease, diabetes, use of diuretics and recurrent cystitis. Summarising the associations in an ordinal regression analysis UI (odds ratio (OR) 2.17, 95% CI 1.76–2.68), recurrent cystitis (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.30–2.97) and diabetes (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.32–1.65) had the strongest associations with nocturia. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that various disorders are associated with nocturia. However, the associations are strongly dependent on the severity of the nocturia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence and bother of nocturia, and sleep interruptions in an unselected population of Danish men and women aged 60–80 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A postal questionnaire was sent to 2000 women and 2000 men aged 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80 years. The population was selected at random from The Danish Civil Registration System, in which every person living in Denmark is identified. The Nocturia, Nocturnal Enuresis and Sleep-interruption Questionnaire (NNES-Q) was used to evaluate nocturia and bother, and sleep interruptions. Nocturia was defined as waking at night to void, according to the International Continence Society definition. RESULTS In all, 92% (3664) subjects returned the questionnaire; 71% completed the questionnaire satisfactorily and were included in the study. The prevalence of nocturia increased with age. The overall prevalence of nocturia was 77% and there was no difference between men and women ( P = 0.11), but men had slightly more severe nocturia than women. The bother caused by nocturia in men and women increased with the severity of nocturia, and women were slightly more bothered than men when the degree of nocturia was >2 voids/night. Nocturia was the most frequent self-reported reason for waking at night, followed by thirst. CONCLUSION The prevalence of nocturia increased with age. There was no difference between the genders in the overall prevalence of nocturia, but nocturia of ≥ 2 voids/night was more frequent in men. The degree of bother increased with the severity of nocturia, even after correcting for generic quality of life, and the younger groups were the most bothered. Nocturia was the major reason for waking at night, followed by thirst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To validate a new questionnaire evaluating nocturia, nocturnal enuresis and sleep-interruptions in an elderly population of men and women in Denmark. Methods: The Nocturia, Nocturnal Enuresis and Sleep-interruption Questionnaire (NNES-Q) emerged from review of the literature and expert consensus. The questionnaire was a subset of a larger questionnaire comprising several domains on health status and voiding. Convergent and discriminatory validity was assessed in an unselected population of 2000 men and 2000 women 60–80 years old. To test reproducibility, 400 respondents were mailed a separate questionnaire 2 weeks apart. A subgroup of men and women with and without nocturia was used for evaluating reliability of number of nocturia episodes. Results: A total of 2825 (70.6%) filled in the questionnaire. A decrease in health status was correlated with increasing bother (range: −0.25 to −0.36, p <0.001, Spearman''s r). These findings indicate acceptable convergent validity. Significant discriminatory validity was proven in separate groups of symptom severity (p <0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). Median kappa was 0.70 (range 0.58–0.86) indicating substantial agreement in the retest analysis. Number of nocturia episodes in questionnaires correlated with frequency volume charts (Spearman''s rho 0.88; p <0.001). Conclusion: These data support that the NNES-Q has a good discriminatory and convergent validity, and is reliable over time. The NNES-Q may be useful in epidemiological studies and may also have a potential in daily clinical work up in patients with nocturia and nocturnal enuresis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate whether utilization of the emergency room differed between immigrant groups and Danish-born residents in Copenhagen, Denmark. Methods: The authors compared the number of emergency room contacts during 1997 among different ethnic groups in the study population. Data were provided by the Statistical Office of the Municipality of Copenhagen. The study population consisted of 183,478 citizens residing in the catchment area of Bispebjerg Hospital in Copenhagen on 1 January 1998. "Contacts" included 22,026 visits made to the emergency room at Bispebjerg Hospital during 1997. Both the study population and "contacts" were characterized by gender, age, income, and country of birth. The immigrants comprised nine ethnic groups according to country of birth. Data were analysed by Poisson regression comparing rate ratios. Results: Persons born in Somalia, Turkey, and ex-Yugoslavia had higher utilization rates of emergency room than Danish-born residents. All other non-Western-born residents had utilization rates similar to Danish-born residents. Persons born in other Western and European countries showed a tendency towards less utilization. Conclusion: Higher utilization rates among some immigrant groups may be explained by disparities in health or lack of knowledge about the Danish healthcare system as well as barriers to seeking primary care including language, fear of discrimination, and low satisfaction with primary care. The challenge remains to identify these causal relations, and to find out why utilization patterns vary between immigrant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the state of the relationship between culture and nature in Denmark through philosophical reflection on the similarities and differences among territory, landscape, map and plan as exemplified by the Millennium Garden project. Description of the aim and content of the project; Account of the implementation of the first Millennium Garden; Philosophical interpretations and justifications of the project.

Discusses the challenges confronting the European Union's (EU) foreign policy. Overview of the making of EU foreign policy; Description of the foreign policy of Denmark; Conclusion.

Throughout the last decades a growing concern for international marketing has been reflected in the leading journals. The preponderance of the articles has, however, been oriented towards firms' sales and export (outward) activities. Since the late 1980s a growing concern for manufacturing firms' international sourcing (inward) activities has arisen, stressing the importance of this phenomenon on firms' success. However, research in firms' internationalization of purchasing activities is still limited. This article focuses upon international purchasing. Through a literature review of mainly U.S. empirical surveys, research topics requiring further exploration are identified. Hence this article addresses four major issues, using results from a large Danish survey: (1) To what extent are Danish firms involved in international purchasing? (2) What are the reasons for choosing or not choosing a foreign supplier? (3) What is the decision process regarding the choice of supplier?, and 4) What problems are experienced in the relationship? Results from firms with foreign suppliers and firms with domestic suppliers are compared. It is revealed that international purchasing is not confined to large firms, but also small manufacturing firms are very much involved in this internationalization of their sourcing activities. It is also stressed that the main reasons for choosing a foreign supplier, apart from availability, was to obtain products of a better quality at a lower price. The firms also find international purchasing important to their competitiveness. However, in order to better understand international purchasing as an internationalization process further research is needed, especially cross-national studies clarify the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective - To examine GPs' self-reported basic diagnostic evaluation of dementia according to the recommendations in multidisciplinary consensus guidelines and to analyse explanatory factors for GP performance. Design - Postal questionnaire study, spring 1998. Setting - General practice in Denmark. Subjects - All 3379 GPs in Denmark. Results - The questionnaire was completed by 75.1%. According to our Diagnostic Evaluation Index, 47.2% of the GPs were classified as conducting a good basic diagnostic evaluation of dementia, and tended to have the following characteristics: they conducted regular follow-up consultations with demented patients (odds ratio (OR) 2.4), they were inclined to state that all patients with possible dementia should undergo diagnostic evaluation (OR 2.0), they considered that the GP should play the major role in diagnostic evaluation (OR 1.7) and they believed their methods were adequate to identify dementia (OR 1.7). Gender, attitude to development of clinical guidelines and being able to refer patients to specialists were not influential. Conclusion - We conclude that the previously reported reluctant attitude of GPs is now more positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on incident thromboembolism in the aorta and the renal, mesenteric, pelvic and extremity arteries after discharge from Danish hospitals with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF). Danish National Hospital Discharge Register; Risk factors for peripheral arterial thromboembolism; Hospital diagnosis of AF.

We set out to assess the outcome of pelvic examination in women 40-60 years of age with one or more lower urinary tract symptoms. This was an ongoing longitudinal cohort study set in one rural and one urban county in Denmark. One hundred and ninety-six women with one or more lower urinary tract symptoms occurring at least weekly were selected at random. Ages ranged from 40 to 60 years. Pelvic findings involving genital prolapse, signs of vaginal atrophy, and pelvic mass as well as a history of hormonal status and estrogen deficiency symptoms were documented and assessed. One hundred and six women (54.1%) were recruited. First degree cystocele, rectocele, and uterine prolapse occurred in 24 (22.6%), seven (6.6%), and six (5.7%), women respectively. No significant association between first-degree genital prolapse and subtypes of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) was observed. The number of women with second or third degree cystocele, rectocele, and uterine prolapse was three (2.8%), two (1.9%), and two (1.9%), respectively. The positive predictive vaginal findings in each subtype of LUTS indicating an oestrogen deficiency were in the interval 72.0- 90.0 while the negative predictive vaginal findings were in the interval 24.7-27.6%, respectively. In six women (5.7%) a leiomyoma was observed. In one woman the size of the uterus exceeded the size of a 12-week pregnancy. Genital prolapse more than first degree and pelvic masses were infrequent findings among women with LUTS. Signs of vaginal atrophy associated poorly with a history of hormonal depletion and symptoms indicating oestrogen deficiency. However even an infrequent pathologic finding is significant. Therefore we still recommend pelvic examinations in all women with LUTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which determined the incidence and rates of remission of lower urinary tract symptoms at one year in women aged 40-60 in Denmark. Background on urinary incontinence and other lower urinary tract symptoms; Methodology of the study; Results and discussion; Conclusions.

Investigates the effect of vasectomy on the increase in the risk of cancers for testis and prostate in Denmark. Percentage of the incidence of testicular cancer in men with vasectomy; Relationship between vasectomy and prostate cancer; Increase in testicular cancer in men with reduced fertility.

Examines the price effects of lottery bond redemptions on the bond market in Denmark. Details of the amortized real estate mortgage annuity bonds; Correlation between redemption and profit; Impact of maturity time on price changes.

Examines the monitoring of long term trends in incidence of anal cancer in Denmark. Changes in the incidence of anal cancer; Percentage of incidence in men; Effect of cigarette smoking for anal cancer development.

Examines the Danish decision making procedure concerning issues of the European Community. Opting between centralization and decentralization; Choosing between consensus or options; Setting of priorities between conflicting interests.

Investigates the development of Kaposi's sarcoma with fever of unknown origin and lymphadenopathy in homosexual men in Denmark. Occurrence of severe acquired immunodeficiency in patients; Sexual contact of the patients with homosexual men from the United States; Manifestations of the syndrome.

Provides information on a study which estimated the changes in hospital readmission rates for asthma in children in Denmark in 1978-93. Methods and results; Comments.

Cryptorchidism and hypospadias have been related to prenatal estrogen exposure in animal models. Some chemicals used in farming and gardening have been shown to possess estrogenic and other hormone-disrupting effects. Earlier studies have indicated increased risks of urogenital malformations in the sons of pesticide appliers. In the present study, parental occupation in the farming and gardening industry among6,177 cases of cryptorchidism, 1,345 cases of hypospadias, and 23,273 controls, born live from 1983 to 1992 in Denmark, was investigated in a register-based case-control study. A significantly increased risk of cryptorchidism but not hypospadias was found in sons of women working in gardening (adjusted odds ratio = 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.47). The risks were not increased in sons of men working in farming or gardening. The increased risk of cryptorchidism among sons of female gardeners could suggest an association with prenatal exposure to occupationally related chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the effects of ethnic background on Danish hospital use patterns. Collection of data from the Register of Prevention at Statistics Denmark; Comparison between immigrants and patients born in the area; Analysis of data by multiple regression controlling age, gender, diagnosis and place of birth.

Examines the energy labelling and rating system for windows and glazings in Denmark. Influence of windows on the energy consumption in buildings; Thermal transmittance of windows; Calculation of energy labeling data.