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Dhaka city is experiencing rapid land cover changes, and the effects of climate change are highly visible. Investigating their combined influence on runoff patterns is vital for sustainable urban planning and water resources management. In this work, multi-date land cover classification was performed using a random forest (RF) algorithm. To validate accuracy of land cover classification, an assessment was conducted by employing kappa coefficient, which ranged from 85 to 96%, indicating a high agreement between classified images and the reference dataset. Future land cover changes were forecasted with cellular automata-artificial neural network (CA-ANN) model. Further, soil conservation service -curve number (SCS-CN) rainfall-runoff model combined with CMIP6 climate data was employed to assess how changes in land cover impact runoff within Dhaka metropolitan development plan (DMDP) area. Over the study period (2020–2100), substantial transformations of land cover were observed, i.e., built-up areas expanded to 1146.47 km2 at the end of 2100, while agricultural areas and bare land diminished considerably. Consequently, monsoon runoff increased from 350.14 to 368.24 mm, indicating elevated hydrological responses. These findings emphasized an intricate interplay between urban dynamics and climatic shifts in shaping runoff patterns, underscoring urgency of incorporating these factors into urban planning strategies for sustainable water resources management in a rapidly growing city such as Dhaka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]