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Until recently, the causal agent of Botryosphaeria canker was assumed to differ from that causing ring rot on fruit and warts on branches on apple trees in China and East Asia. However, recent research documented that Botryosphaeria dothidea caused both disease symptoms on apple. Inoculations with strains isolated from cankers and warts on branches were conducted to investigate symptom progression caused by B. dothidea and conditions inducing the two symptom types. The results confirmed that both cankers and warts are caused by B. dothidea. Warts are the results of hyperplasia and suberization of bark tissues induced by fungal infection, whereas cankers result from the rapid growth of hyphae from inside warts, lenticels, or wounds. Resistance to B. dothidea exists in living apple branches. When a living branch is infected via lenticels, the pathogen induces proliferation and suberization of cortical cells that restricts the growth and expansion of the hyphae, leading to warts. However, under certain stress conditions such as drought, the hyphae inside host tissues expand rapidly and kill cortical cells, leading to canker development. Host resistance may recover during active growth periods, which suppresses or even stops rapid expansion of the hyphae, leading to the intermediate symptom of canker warts. Abiotic factors, such as drought or high temperature in early spring, can result in rapid extension of colonized hyphae in branches and conversion of warts to cankers. Preventing this transition can be an important measure in managing Botryosphaeria canker on apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a unique continental archive, speleothem has been widely used in reconstructing paleoclimate change. However, the interpretation of Chinese speleothems δ18O has remained a subject of debate. Recently, a Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) study indicated that the stalagmite δ18O from eastern China reflected the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) intensity rather than the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) intensity during Heinrich events. Here, we present a high-resolution speleothem δ18O record from Xianglong Cave in Shaanxi province, China, covering the period of 25.5–10.9 ka BP. The XL15 record shows similar variations with ice core record from Greenland and other climate records from China and India on millennial scale, including Heinrich 2 (H2), Heinrich 1 (H1), Bølling–Allerød (BA) and Younger Dryas (YD) events, supporting the connection between the Asian monsoon and northern high latitude climate. The δ18O amplitude of our record is larger than or similar to the stalagmite δ18O records from India during these events. In addition, differences of stalagmite δ18O in eastern China and the ISM region were observed on glacial-interglacial as well as decadal timescales. That means the ISM is not the sole controlling factor of Chinese stalagmite δ18O during Heinrich events. When subtracting the Indian stalagmite δ18O series from our XL15 record during H1 period, we found a significant negative correlation with sea surface temperature (SST) record of Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP). Consequently, our study suggests that the Chinese stalagmite δ18O is controlled by both the ISM and EASM on orbital-, millennial-, and decadal timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations. Here, we present a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian-specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O3-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations. Our results indicate that the O3-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. The microsatellite data show that the O3-M122 haplotypes in southern East Asia are more diverse than those in northern East Asia, suggesting a southern origin of the O3-M122 mutation. It was estimated that the early northward migration of the O3-M122 lineages in East Asia occurred ∼25,000–30,000 years ago, consistent with the fossil records of modern humans in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has improved the basic method to measure the domestic technological contents of export products. By using data in the input-output table and the export trade data on the SITC REV.2 level, it counts the whole technological contents, the domestic technological contents and the index of the domestic technological contents of export products in several years of East Asian economic bodies like China, Japan, Korea and Indonesia. The result shows that China's export products' domestic technological content is going through an upward trend since middle 90s, 20th century. Also, the short term impact of China's entrance into WTO on China's export products' domestic technological contents is greater than long term impact. Though Japan ranks the top in East Asian on domestic technological contents, its downward trend is obvious in recent years. The Korea's export products' domestic technological contents raises greatly and convergence to Japan. Indonesia failed in improving its export products' domestic technological contents. Finally, in combination of the evolution trend of export products' domestic technological contents in China and other three East Asian countries, the article proposed some relevant policy recommendations under the background of further opening up and involving in regional economic integration in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]