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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related multi phenotypic sinonasal carcinoma (HMSC) is a recently described tumor subtype with an unknown prognosis, often misdiagnosed with other sinonasal carcinomas, and associated with highrisk HPV (HR-HPV). The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), ProEx™C, and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and assess their association with survival and clinicopathological characteristics. Methods: Between 2017 and 2022, 40 HMSC patients underwent surgical resection at the School of Medicine, Zagazig University Hospitals (Zagazig, Egypt). Tissue samples were examined for the presence of HR-HPV; absence of myeloblastosis (MYB), MYB proto-oncogene like 1 (MYBL1), and nuclear factor I/B (NFIB) fusions and the presence of myoepithelial proteins (calponin, S100, SMA), squamous differentiation markers (p63, p40, calponin), VEGF, BAX, ProEx™C, and hTERT by immunohistochemistry. All patients were followed up for about 54 months until death or the last known survival data. Data were analyzed using the Chi square test and Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The expression of VEGF, hTERT, and ProEx™C was significantly associated with age, advanced tumor stages, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, mortality, relapse, poor disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) (P<0.001). BAX expression was significantly associated with tumor size, age, poor DFS, and relapse (P=0.01, P<0.001, P=0.035, and P=0.002, respectively). Conclusion: HMSC is strongly associated with HR-HPV. The expression of VEGF, EGFR, BAX, hTERT, and ProEx™C is associated with aggressive malignant behavior, poor survival, and poor prognosis, making them novel prognostic biomarkers for targeted therapeutics in HMSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objectives: Bladder cancer is an important national health problem as it is the leading cancer in men in Egypt. Cystoscopy and biopsy, currently remains the gold standard procedure for diagnosis, yet, it is invasive and costly. Urinary cytopathology remains to be the only non-invasive alternative method for diagnosis. Although it is tumour specific, yet it has a poor sensitivity, especially for low grade tumours. Detection of Telomerase enzyme in exfoliated urinary cells is a potentially good molecular diagnostic marker in bladder cancer, since the catalytic subunit of this enzyme (hTERT) proved to be essential for cellular immortality and oncogenesis. Subjects and Methods: The study comprised 39 patients (36 with urothelial carcinomas and 3 cases were squamous cell carcinoma) with bladder cancer and 22 non cancer control (including 14 patients with benign urological disorders and 8 healthy volunteers). The urine sample was split into two aliquots one was used to undertake RNA extraction and hTERT/GAPDH RT-PCR semiquantitative assay and the second for cytological examination. Cystoscopy was considered the reference standard for the identification of bladder cancer. Results: The hTERT/GAPDH RT-PCR test showed significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity than cytology (84% Vs. 75% p<0.008) for confirmed UCC, particularly for low grade non-muscle invasive UCC (82% Vs. 64% p<0.005). On combining the two tests a sensitivity of 95% was obtained. A positive hTERT expression was detected 4-5 months earlier than cystoscopic evidence of recurrence in 2 patients during their follow up. Conclusion: In this pilot study, detection of hTERT expression in urine has shown to be a more sensitive marker for diagnosis of bladder cancer than cytology. The combination of urinary hTERT mRNA with cytological testing augments the sensitivity for the non-invasive early diagnosis of bladder cancer. This finding warrants further extended study to validate the potential role of hTERT expression as a diagnostic non invasive tool for high risk patients and detection of recurrence in bladder cancer in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:- Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis), is an endemic that disease represents a health problem hindering the socioeconomic development in Egypt. Hepatitis is a major problem resulting from schistosomiasis. Immune responses and molecular changes contribute to the eruption of such problem. Understanding of the biological interaction of these factors is needed for proper control of the hazards of schistosomiasis. Material and Methods:- This work was designed to investigate the histopathological and associated immunological, molecular and proteomic changes in the liver and serum of hamsters experimentally infected by Schistosoma haematobium. Changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) , telomerase activity and protein profiles have been recorded after 120, 180 and 240 days post-infection. Results :- Ova were found in urine after 90 days post-infection. Both ova and mature worms were localized in the liver of infected animals. The presence of ova induced granuloma and tissue destructive fibrotic pathology that were associated with immune response. The level of serum TNF-α increased highly over the period of 180-240 days post-infection. While there was an exponential decrease in telomerase activity in liver of control animals, there was an increase in telomerase activity of infected animals over the experimental period. Although total plasma protein and albumin were lower in infected than in control animals; serum immune response globulins were high. Low molecular weight proteins, probably representing cytokines and chemokines, are found specifically in the serum of Schistosoma haematobium infected hamsters. Conclusion:- Infection of hamsters with Schistosoma haematobium- induced granuloma and fibrosis that was manifested after 240 days as cirrhosis. These events are mediated by immune response that involves Th1 and Th2 subsets and the production of the cytokine TNF-α. The increased proliferation of T-lymphocytes and fibroblasts is sustained by an increased activity of telomerase. The serum protein profile presents specific low molecular weight proteins found only in the infected animal sera which probably represent different cytokines and chemokines. The serum globulin content and liver proteins indicate the limited synthetic ability of infected hamster liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]