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Post-parturient hemoglobinuria is a non-infectious hemolytic metabolic disorder of buffalo and cattle characterized by intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and hemoglobinuria. It may be highly fatal, if not diagnosed rapidly and treated promptly. The present study determines the clinical and biochemical alterations as well as, the risk factors associated with PPH in buffalo in Egypt. Sixty-eight buffalo displaying symptoms of hemoglobinuria, along with 24 healthy buffalo for comparison were involved. Each animal participating in the study underwent a comprehensive clinical examination, and blood and urine samples were collected for further analysis. A questionnaire was designed for the hypothesized risk factors. To determine the risk factors at the animal level, the logistic regression model was utilized. Clinically, PPH-affected buffalo had much lower ruminant movements than healthy ones, meanwhile their respiratory and pulse rates dramatically increased. The serum levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) showed a significant decrease in PPH-affected buffalo (p<0.05), whereas potassium (K), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and glucose serum levels all demonstrated a significant increase. (p<0.05) In the final logistic regression model, which was used to identify risk factors, there was a significant correlation between PPH and parity =4 (P = 0.036, OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.09-12.96), hypophosphatemia (P = 0.003, OR: 5.55, 95% CI: 1.78-17.27), and hypocalcaemia (P = 0.044, OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.03-11.15), on the animal level. In conclusion, PPH-affected buffalo may demonstrate several biochemical changes, as well as the identification of PPH-associated risk factors may provide a useful approach for the prevention and control of PPH in buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiologic agent of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which causes severe economic losses among cloven-hoofed animals in endemic nations. Egypt is a bridge for FMDV pools between continents, where three serotypes (A, O, and SAT2) have established an enzootic state. Recently, a severe FMD epidemic struck several farms in the Beheira province, north Egypt. This study was the first to detect the newly emerging FMDV, serotype A, Europe–South America (Euro–SA) topotype that was collected during such outbreaks in twenty calves' tongue epithelial samples from five infected farms based on virus isolation, molecular methods, and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, we found that this strain caused higher peracute mortalities in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) (25.7%; 95% CI: 13–43) than in cattle (8.6%; 95% CI: 2–24) calves. Meanwhile, in fatal cases, severe clinical signs such as dullness, hypothermia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia were common in both species. In conclusion, we first characterized the newly emerging FMDV in the calves of Beheira as more fatal and severe in buffalo than in cattle calves. A severe foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic struck several Egyptian provinces recently, causing significant losses among animals even in vaccinated farms. This study indicated the existence of the newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and first investigated its effect on the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle calves in the Beheira province, north Egypt. Twenty tongue epithelial samples from diseased calves in five infected farms were randomly collected, prepared, and propagated using baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. Whole genomic RNA was extracted from the cells of the third passage. A FMDV genome was detected and serotyped using one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Nucleotide sequencing of the purified serotype-specific PCR bands was performed, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 600 base pairs of VP1 was constructed. The results identified FMDV, serotype A in all infected samples, whereas the serotypes O and SAT2 were negative. The obtained 20 sequences were identical to each other and similar to the newly reported strain in Egypt that belongs to the Europe–South America (Euro–SA) topotype. The epidemiological and clinical parameters associated with such a strain were fully recorded by veterinarians and analyzed in a single infected farm including 70 cattle and buffalo calves. It caused higher peracute mortalities in buffalo (25.7%; 95% CI: 13–43) than in cattle (8.6%; 95% CI: 2–24) calves. Severe clinical signs such as dullness, hypothermia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia were common to both except in fatal cases, whereas hyperthermia and respiratory signs were prevalent in cattle calves. In conclusion, we first characterized the newly emerging FMDV in the calves of Beheira as more fatal and severe in buffalo than in cattle calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bovine sector represents an important part of the animal resources in Egypt, as it plays important role in supplying humans with a considerable part of their daily needs of animal-derived proteins via their milk and meat. However, such animal species can be exposed during their life to a wide range of digestive disorders, which affect animal performance and productivity. Ultrasonography plays an essential role in the accurate and rapid diagnosis of several diseases affecting cattle and buffaloes. In this review, we will highlight the role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of digestive disorders in cattle and buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcocystosis considerably occurs in a wide host range including animals, reptiles, humans, and birds. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. using abattoir inspection, genetic characterization, as well as histopathology in water buffaloes in two provinces, Elbehera and Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. Specimens were collected from esophagus, tongue, and masseters of 400 slaughtered buffaloes in Elbehera (n= 215) and Kafrelsheikh (n= 185). Samples were examined macroscopically and histopathologically. Furthermore, genetic characterization of Sarcocystis spp. was performed using the 18SrRNA gene-based PCR. The total prevalence was 71.0% (75.3% and 65.9% in Elbehera and Kafrelsheikh, respectively). Aged buffaloes had a higher prevalence than young ones. Females had a higher prevalence than males. The esophagus was the most infected organ. Molecular analysis revealed that the recovered species was S. fusiformis. This is the first genetic characterization of S. fusiformis in water buffaloes from Elbehera and Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. Higher prevalence proposed the potential role of cats in the transmission of S. fusiformis, which, in turn, requires strict hygienic measures to protect animals and humans from infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility deficiency is one of the major causes which lead to a decrease in river buffalo’s production that has great economic importance in Egypt. Infection of the endometrium with different types of bacteria leads to inflammations causing infertility in severe conditions. The difference in cytokines expression profiles has a role in the early detection of subclinical endometritis-infected buffalo. The present study aimed to assess some cytokine gene expressions in endometritis-infected buffaloes using RT-qPCR. The uteri samples were collected from 60 animals with inflammation signs and other 60 healthy animals. RNA was extracted from uteri samples and cDNA was synthesized from extracted RNA. Gene expressions were detected by real-time PCR using SYBR Green PCR Master-Mix and primers specific for tested genes (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL- 10 and TNF-α). Cycle threshold (Ct) mean values of triplicate samples were utilized for analysis. Chi-square test was utilized to determine the significant differences (P<0.05) in gene expression of tested genes using GAPDH as a house-keeping gene for normalization. Bacterial examination of uteri from infected buffaloes showed the presence of bacterial contamination with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus vulgaris, whereas the uteri of apparently-healthy animals did not show any of the previous pathogenic bacteria. The RT-qPCR results revealed that the gene expression of three tested cytokines; IL-1α. IL-1β and IL-6increased in endometritis-infected buffaloes with 1.3, 1.7 and 5 folds, respectively compared to their expression in healthy animals. On the contrary, the expressions of two other genes: IL-10 and TNF-α showed down regulations with 0.2 and 0.4 folds, respectively in infected buffaloes when compared with those in uninfected animals. It can be concluded that the tested cytokine genes in endometritis-infected buffaloes showed different responses to the endometritis infection, where three of them: IL-1α. IL-1β and IL-6 were up-regulated, whereas IL-10 and TNF-α were downregulated with different levels of significant values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contributing to bridging the food gap and achieving food security for animal protein from red meat is a priority, especially in light of the increased demand for red meat, the low percentage of bank financing for livestock activities in Egypt, the high bank interest rates on livestock loans, and the problems of subsidized interest lending. In addition to an increase in the number of imported calves. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the productive farms for fattening calves financed by the Agricultural Bank of Egypt, and the study relied on two main data sources: the first is secondary data published by the central agency for public mobilization and statistics, the ministry of agriculture and land reclamation, and the data of the food and agriculture organization of the united nations FAO, And others unpublished from the governorate information and decision-making center and other sources closely related to the subject of the study, and secondly: initial data from a questionnaire that was collected through personal interviews with educators. The study relied on descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis, and the ex-post evaluation approach was used, the calculation of indicators of economic efficiency and productivity, the benefits and costs of the project, the sensitivity analysis, the calculation of commercial costs and the calculation of the added value of these production capacities. The total costs per kilogram reached (LE/kg) 44.74, 46.29 and 46.77, respectively, as it was found that the lowest cost is the large farm. This may be due to the increase in the net weight of the head in this capacity, and the net profit/head was(LE/ head) 2230, 2405, 458, and the net profit/kg was (LE/kg) 5.44, 6.11, 1.21 and the product incentive reached 11.6.%, 12,4%, and 2,6% for each capacity, respectively, while the product margin amounted to (LE/farmer) 2,26, 2,21,-0,77, respectively. By measuring the impact of risks on the values of economic efficiency and productivity indicators, in terms of an increase in the purchase price of calves by 5%, an increase in the purchase price of corn by 10%, a decrease in the average live weight of calves by about 5%, and an increase in the interest rate on external financing by 14% for the first and medium capacity and by an increase of 7%. 5% for the small capacity, and a 5% decrease in the sale price of calves. It was found that one of the highest impacts of these risks is the increase in the interest rate on external financing by 14% on the value of the total cost index/live kg by about (LE/kg) 48.82, 50.48, 48.96, with a change rate of 9%, 9.06%, 68.4%, and the impact on the value of the net profit index by about (LE/head) 555, 727, 68, -373, 78, with a change of -75.11%, -69.74%. It affected the value of the net profit index / kg live weight by(LE/kg) 1.35, 1.82, -0.98, with a change rate of -75.11%, -69.74%, - 181.53%, and an impact on the value of the product incentive index by about(LE/ kg) 2.88%, 3.75%, -2.14% with a change rate of -75.11%,-69.74%). -181.53%, and an impact on the value of the product margin by(LE/ kg) -1.82, -1.98, -2.96 with a change rate of -180.65%, -190%, -282.64%, for the three capacities, respectively. By measuring the social return resulting from the added value achieved, which is represented in the amount of safe national live meat produced, which contributes to self-sufficiency and limitation of import and its impact on the national economy, providing job opportunities and other benefits, the effect of which appears in the form of a material addition to these projects, affected by it. Society and the environment. By measuring the potential for expansion, which represents idle capacity estimated at about 301,572 thousand head, and the amount of meat is estimated at about 119,724 thousand tons of live weight, and the job opportunities that operate until the quantity produces about 3,451 million working days, represent annual job opportunities estimated at about 9,455 thousand job opportunities and t he added value of this number is estimated at (billion LE) 5,166. Among the obstacles facing the producers of the field study sample are: the frequency of more than once with the bank, the length of time to obtain the loan, the lack of seriousness of insurance on the heads, the unavailability and high prices of concentrated feed, the high cost of veterinary supervision, especially for breeders with small production capacity, and the difficulty of obtaining fattening heads with high food conversion rates, and difficulty in selling and marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of Sarcocystis emerged from the public health point of view, as it causes zoonotic infection. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Sarcocystis in economically important animals (cattle and buffalo) to lower the zoonotic potential of this parasite. A total of 7435 slaughtered animals (3879 cattle and 3556 buffalo) were examined macroscopically and microscopically for the detection of Sarcocystis followed by molecular detection and identification using PCR and Sequencing of 18S rRNA gene. The overall infection of macroscopic Sarcocystis was a higher prevalence in females 62.73 % than in males (0.73 %). In buffalo, the higher prevalence of macroscopic Sarcocystis observed in esophagus 46.82% tongue 9.3%, forequarter 3.9%, for buffalo female and male. Although the overall prevalence of microscopic cyst was 87%, the highest prevalence was in heart 63% (88% and 38%), esophagus 56% (72% and 40%), forequarter 55% (64% and 46%), tongue 41% (36% and 46%), diaphragm 32% (26% and 38%), hindquarter 27% (30% and 24%) in cattle and buffalo. Furthermore, the molecular identification showed that isolates Sarcocystis were S. cruzi, and S. hominis in cattle and buffalo, and S. levinei and S. sinensis in buffalo comparing with published data on GenBank. The present study is the first report identified S. hominis infection in Egyptian buffaloes in Menoufia Governorate and the second record of identifying S. cruzi in Egyptian buffaloes. Using PCR is a more sensitive method in the detection of different Sarcocystis spp. In Egypt. a greater hygienic application is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocara canis of dogs and Toxocara vitulorum of cattle and buffalo are nematode parasites that cause serious economic and public health problems all over the world. This study aims to provide molecular data to identify and distinguish between Toxocara spp. from dogs, cattle and buffalo in Egypt. Moreover, constructing a phylogeny and phylogenetic relationships among these Toxocara spp. were performed through an analytic study of ATPase-6, a mitochondrial gene; 12S, small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and ITS-2, the second internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal gene. T. vitulorum from cattle and buffalo were found to be almost identical. The ATPase- 6 and 12S regions showed 87.78 % and 90.38 % nucleotide similarity between T. canis and T. vitulorum, while for the ITS-2 region, only 78.38 % was found. Analysis of the three studied genes revealed that each Toxocara spp. has distinct molecular characteristics. Moreover, it was revealed that these genes, especially the ITS-2 gene, are useful and sensitive molecular markers for classifying and studying the phylogenetic analysis and relationships among closely related Toxocara spp. All sequences obtained in this study were registered in the GenBank under the accession numbers: MG214149 -MG214157. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Egypt, there are about 3.6 million heads of buffalo cows which produce 2.4 million tons of milk representing 46.9% of the total milk production in the country. The rest is mostly met from imported Holstein and Brown Swiss dairy cows. The objective of this research review is to compare the productive and reproductive performances of native water buffaloes with the imported Holstein and Brown Swiss cattle in Egypt on the one hand, and to compare them with the performance of these breeds in their home stead in the southern part of Europe on the other hand aiming to generate information about the adaptability of the imported cattle breeds to the native climatic condition in Egypt to strategize appropriate breeding and husbandry plans to enhance their productivity. The review is based on selected research papers on the topic. The results revealed that the total milk yield of Holstein (8550 kg), Brown Swiss (8291 kg) and buffalo (2200 kg) cows in Egypt were 14.3%, 8% and 56% less than their European counterparts probably due to the negative impact of prevailing subtropical thermal environment of Egypt, besides the age-old classical animal husbandry practices in respect of native buffaloes. The greatest decline in milk yield was in buffaloes, which could be attributed to feeding of impoverished and nutritionally feeble feed stuff. But, people are fond of buffalo milk due to its high-fat delicacy (8% fat) and protein-rich nutrititivity (4.5% protein) besides its composition based attractive pricing system. Longer age at first calving and calving interval (35 months & 455 days respectively) of buffaloes compared to Holstein and Brown Swiss cows in Egypt display clear economic disadvantage to the dairy industry. Mediocre feed efficiency (Dry matter intake, kg/1 kg of milk) of buffaloes (1.75 kg) is also economically subversive compared to the feed efficiency of Holstein (0.78 kg) and Brown Swiss (0.74) cows in Egypt. It is also inferior to the feed efficiency of the buffaloes in Europe (1.05 kg). By and large, buffaloes are economically disadvantageous because of their low milk yield, longer age at first calving, longer calving interval, longer open days, weaker persistency and lower feed efficiency, compared to European cows in Egypt. Hence, the researchers should focus to overcome these shortfalls using advanced genetic tools like selection, improving the nutrient contents in feed and adopting modern husbandry practices to enhance buffalo numerals and production in Egypt. An erroneous impression held against buffaloes is emission of higher volume of methane gas by enteric fermentation which causes environmental degradation due to its green house effect. However, in reality buffalo is more eco-friendly than cow, since a buffalo produces 58% lower amount of methane per day (157 gm) compared to a cow (376 gm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Brucellosis is a major constraint to livestock production in Egypt as well as many developing countries worldwide. Bovine brucellosis is an economically important disease with reproductive failure as a principal manifestation resulting in abortion, premature birth and decreased milk production in females, and orchitis and epididymitis in males. In spite of the efforts of Egyptian veterinary services to overcome brucellosis, the disease is still prevalent in both animals and humans and represents one of the most important public health hazards in Egypt. The aim of the present work was to investigate the efficacy of the control program implemented by the General Organization of Veterinary Services in Brucella infected buffalo farm on serological, molecular, cultural, and histopathological basis. Brucella melitensis biovar 3 was recovered from 6 buffalo-cows. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from a total of 750 non-vaccinated lactating buffalo-cows. These animals were proved positive for Brucella by the Egyptian brucellosis national program. Sera were tested using buffered acidified plate antigen test and rose Bengal test as screening tests and complement fixation test as a confirmatory test. Positive animals were separated for slaughtering under the supervision of the Egyptian veterinary authorities. Remaining animals were tested every 3 weeks with slaughtering of positive cases and this continued until the remaining animals revealed three successive negative serological tests. Different lymph nodes (prescapular, prefemoral, mediastinal, retropharyngeal, and supramammary) were collected from 11 Brucella seropositive buffalo-cows slaughtered after being confirmed serologically as Brucella infected cases. Samples were collected and processed for bacterial isolation and nucleic acid detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Parts of these specimens were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 h then processed by paraffin embedding technique. Results: "Test and slaughter" policy was applied on Brucella infected dairy buffalo farm. The program continued for 6 months with slaughtering of positive cases until the herd was proved Brucella free. B. melitensis biovar 3 could be recovered from six buffalo-cows. Universal PCR confirmed Brucella on genus level and Bruce-ladder multiplex, PCR confirmed the presence of B. melitensis on the species level. Histopathological examination of Brucella-infected lymph nodes revealed massive rarified and depleted lymphoid areas of both sub-capsular and deep cortical lymphoid follicles, macrophage cells granulomatous reaction, as well as fat, infiltrates, and chronic vasculitis. The chronic nature of Brucella lesions has been confirmed in this study as indicated by the chronic vasculitis and collagen deposition. Conclusion: Freedom status from brucellosis in this study required 6 months which are considered long time allowing the spread of infection to other localities especially under unhygienic conditions, husbandry system favoring mixed populations of different ages, sex, aborted and pregnant, and lack of controlled movement of animals. Therefore, effective control of animal brucellosis requires surveillance to identify infected animal herds, elimination of the reservoirs, and vaccination of young heifers. B. melitensis biovar 3 is the cause of the Brucella outbreak in buffalo which still remains the prevalent type of Brucella in Egypt. The disease runs a chronic course allowing further spread of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey was applied on the paranasal sinuses of the Buffalo in Egypt (Bos bubalis L.) and its surgical approach. Ten adult buffaloe heads of ages ranging between 2 -7 years were used. Six of these heads were used for dry skull preparation while the other four were used for radiography and cross sections. The study concluded that, in addition to sinuses conchales, four paranasal sinuses have been found to occur in adult buffalo comprising the sinus frontalis, sinus maxillaris, sinus palatinus and sinus lacrimalis. The anatomical and radiographic description of these paranasal sinuses as well as its dimensions and communications has been mentioned. Two sites for trephination of the frontal sinus could be indicated.Trephining the rostral frontal sinus through was indicated at the middle of a transverse line extending between the caudal margins of the orbital rim to the median plane while trephination site to gain the caudal frontal sinus was indicated at the middle of another transverse line extending from the middle of the base the horn to the median plane. Surgical approach of the maxillary sinus for trephining could be indicated on a vertical line extending upward from the caudal margin of the 2nd premolar for about 4.0-4.5 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on eight buffaloes (Bos bubalis L.) of ages ranging between 2-7 years. The specimens were prepared by the routine anatomical methods used for fixing and manually dissected to expose the topographic arrangement of the nerves of flank and face of most clinical importance and commonly subjected to nerve block in cases of the surgical approaches to the flank as well as for the minute surgical operation in the head involving the nostrils, lips and horns. The definite site of injection of anesthetic drug was also suggested for each nerve. The study revealed that, the regional anesthesia of the mid paralumbar fossa in the buffalo was achieved through three distal paravertebral injections. The most cranial one for anesthesia of the costoabdominal nerve, at the upper part of the flank about 5 cm from the free end of the second lumbar transverse process and 7 cm caudal to the last rib and at a depth of about 3 cm. The middle one for blocking the iliohypogastric was indicated 5 cm below the 3rd lumbar transverse process midway between the last rib cranially and tuber coxae caudally, while the most caudal one for anesthesia of the ilioinguinal nerve inserts was applied about 5 cm cranial to the tuber coxae, 5 cm below the free end of the 4th lumbar transverse process. The infra-orbital, mental and cornual nerves were the most clinically important sensory nerves in the head region. For anesthesia of the infraorbital nerve the anesthetic drug was injected in the vicinity of the infraorbital foramen which was situated 1.5 cm dorsal to the first cheek tooth and about 6 cm rostral to the facial tubercle. For anesthesia of the mental nerve the needle was inserted at the middle distance of the lateral surface of the interalveolar space of the mandible between the lateral incisor and first premolar teeth. For anesthesia of the cornual nerve, the site of this regional block was midway between the orbital rim and the base of the horn, 4cm medial to the frontal crest. The results obtained were photographed, described and discussed with those of bovine species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Little is known about the diversity and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species in water buffaloes. In this study, we examined the distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in water buffalo calves in Egypt. Rectal fecal specimens from 179 calves and 359 adults were screened microscopically for Cryptosporidium oocysts using modified Ziehl–Neelsen stain. Cryptosporidium spp. in 17 microscopy-positive specimens from calves were genotyped by DNA sequence analysis of the small-subunit rRNA gene, and Cryptosporidium parvum was subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60kDa glycoprotein gene. Cryptosporidium ryanae was found in 10 specimens and C. parvum in 7 specimens, with the former belonging to the newly identified C. ryanae buffalo variant and the latter belonging to the subtypes IIdA20G1 (in 5 specimens) and IIaA15G1R1 (in 2 specimens). The prevailing occurrence of C. ryanae and the subtype family IId of C. parvum and the absence of C. bovis and C. andersoni represent some features of Cryptosporidium transmission in water buffaloes in Egypt. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Meat commonly contain the same Aeromonas spp. which occur in human diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal faecal samples. Motile Aeromonas were isolated from 5.6% of total 302 samples. The distribution of the isolates were 5.9 and 5.2% in fresh and frozen samples, respectively. Of the 302 samples taken of the four animal meat species investigated, the genus Aeromonas were isolated in 12.3% of the fresh samples collected from buffalo meat, in 6.5% of the samples collected from sheep meat and 14.0% from the samples collected from the cattle frozen meat samples. The camel meat did not reveal any Aeromonas isolates. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated as the most prevalent species with 6.8%, followed by Aeromonas caviae with 2.7% and Aeromonas sobria with 2.1% from the total meat samples. Aerolysin toxin gene ( aerA) was detected in 3/17 isolates of A. hydrophila isolated from contaminated meat. Infection due to bacterial pathogen with such virulent factor through contact with contaminated meat while handling them, poses health hazards to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) is one of the characteristics that can be used to assess fetal development and/or placental function in bovine. The current study was designed to establish reference values for the CTUP throughout pregnancy in normal pregnant buffalo-cows. The CTUP at the intracotyledonary space was measured monthly from the second month until full term using electronic calipers of the ultrasound machine. The CTUP increased monthly from 2.5 mm at the second month to 12 mm at the full term. During the last trimester, the monthly increase in the CTUP was higher than that recorded during the first and second trimesters. The result of the current study can be used as normal values for future studies of CTUP in pathologically pregnant buffalo-cows. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The lousicidal and repellent effects of five essential oils were investigated for the first time against the buffalo louse, Haematopinus tuberculatus, and flies infesting water buffaloes in Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. For the in vitro studies, filter paper contact bioassays were used to test the oils and their lethal activities were compared with that of d-phenothrin. Four minutes post-treatment, the median lethal concentration, LC50, values were 2.74, 7.28, 12.35, 18.67 and 22.79% for camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), onion (Allium cepa), peppermint (Mentha piperita), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and rosemary oils (Rosmarinus officinalis), respectively, whereas for d-phenothrin, it was 1.17%. The lethal time (50) (LT50) values were 0.89, 2.75, 15.39, 21.32, 11.60 and 1.94min after treatment with 7.5% camphor, onion, peppermint, chamomile, rosemary and d-phenothrin, respectively. All the materials used except rosemary, which was not applied, were ovicidal to the eggs of H. tuberculatus. Despite the results of the in vitro assays, the in vivo treatments revealed that the pediculicidal activity was more pronounced with oils. All treated lice were killed after 0.5–2min, whereas with d-phenothrin, 100% mortality was reached only after 120min. The number of lice infesting buffaloes was significantly reduced 3, 6, 4, 6 and 9 days after treatment with camphor, peppermint, chamomile, onion, and d-phenothrin, respectively. Moreover, the oils and d-phenothrin significantly repelled flies, Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematobia irritans and Hippobosca equina, for 6 and 3 days post-treatment, respectively. No adverse effects were noted on either animals or pour-on operators after exposure to the applied materials. Consequently, some Egyptian essential oils show potential for the development of new, speedy and safe lousicides and insect repellents for controlling lice and flies which infest water buffaloes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This current study aimed for the first time to evaluate the effect of a single intravenous administration of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) on the testicular artery haemodynamics measurements (resistance [RI], and pulsatility indices [PI]), plasma steroids (estradiol-17β and testosterone) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in buffalo bulls. Twelve Egyptian buffalo bulls weighted 450 ± 20 kg were randomly divided into the hCG group (n = 6) and injected a single dose with Ovogest (EPIFASI; 5,000 IU, iv), whereas the others (n = 6) were injected with normal saline and served as controls. Doppler evaluation and blood sampling were performed just before the administration (hour 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24 and 28 hr after administration. Bulls in the control group did not show any alterations in hormonal levels and blood flow parameters (p > .05). In the hCG group, RI was declined (p < .05) in 6 hr post-administration (0.31 ± 0.01 versus 0.45 ± 0.01), while PI was declined (p < .05) later in 10 hr (0.74 ± 0.01 versus 1.23 ± 0.02). Additionally, testicular blood flow was increased (p < .05) 8 hr (42.02 ± 1.02 ml/min/100 g versus 31.34 ± 0.88 ml/min/100 g) after administration. Testosterone and NO levels were (p < .05) increased at 4 and 6 hr post-administration (3.55 ± 0.03 ng/ml versus 2.84 ± 0.01 ng/ml, and 55.32 ± 4.25 µmol/L versus 32.21 ± 1.55 µmol/L), whereas oestradiol levels were elevated (p < .05) in 6 hr (31.25 ± 0.08 pg/ml) only post-administration then declined. In conclusion, the single intravenous administration of hCG triggered many alterations in the supratesticular artery vascularization and hormonal profile that could affect positively on steroidogenesis and testicular function in buffalo bull., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Gastrointestinal nematodes cause massive economic losses as an important impediment to the development of animals around the world. This study aimed to investigate the microscopical diagnosis of nematode parasites of buffalo from Minoufiya, Egypt and molecular characterization of Bunostomum phlebotomum. We examined 390 fecal samples with floatation and fecal culture techniques to recognize different genera of nematodes. The results revealed B. phlebotomum (2.56%), Strongyloides papillosus (3.85%), Toxocara vitulorum (7.69%), Haemonchus sp. (1.28%), and Dictyocaulus viviparus (1.28%). The recovered eggs and larvae of nematodes were identified as well as the adults of B. phlebotomum. Age-wise, sex-wise, and seasonal prevalences of the recovered nematodes were recorded. Sequence analysis of the ITS-2 gene of B. phlebotomum was highly identical (99-100%) to sequences from Australia and China and occurred in the same clade with B. trigoncephalum. In conclusion, the study presented the coprological survey of gastrointestinal nematodes, and the genetic characterization of B. phlebotomum from Minoufiya Governorate, Egypt for the first time., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

• Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic highly infectious viral disease affecting cattle in Egypt. • This study aimed to identify and characterize the LSD virus (LSDV) outbreaks in Egypt between 2016 and 2018 and to determine the role of Egyptian buffaloes in the epidemiology of LSD. • The Egyptian water buffalo serves as an accidental non-adapted host for the disease and this point requires more deep investigation. • The current vaccine strategy should be re-evaluated for more coverage and effectiveness. • We consider the first record that make sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for a LSDV002 gene fragment of Egyptian LSDV strains that can differentiate between LSDV and sheep pox virus. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic highly infectious viral disease affecting cattle in Egypt. This study aimed to identify and characterize the LSD virus (LSDV) outbreaks in Egypt between 2016 and 2018 and to determine the role of Egyptian buffaloes in the epidemiology of LSD. A total of 44 skin biopsies (41 from cattle and 3 from buffaloes) and 31 blood samples from asymptomatic buffaloes in contact with clinically infected cattle were collected from 7 Egyptian governorates and tested by real-time (rt)-PCR. The positive samples were further isolated, and the isolates were analyzed by conventional PCR to amplify the LSDV001 and LSDV002 genes; three isolates were sequenced, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed. In addition, 198 serum samples (102 from cattle and 96 from contact buffaloes) were examined using ELISA. Out of 44 skin nodules analyzed by rt-PCR, 31 (70.45 %) were positive while, non of the buffalo samples were positive. Out of 31 positive rt-PCR samples, LSDV was isolated on CAM (n =19; 61.29%) and MDBK cell culture. The virus isolates were confirmed by conventional PCR where 1237 bp product size was successfully amplified. The phylogenetic analysis of LSDV002 gene revealed that three sequenced LSDV isolates were identical to each other and to LSDV isolates from different countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe with 99–100 % identity. ELISA analyses showed seroreactivity of LSDV in Egyptian cattle and buffaloes. In conclusion, the Egyptian water buffalo serves as an accidental non-adapted host for the disease and this point requires more deep investigation. In addition, the current vaccine strategy should be re-evaluated for more coverage and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to describe the normal gross anatomy, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joint in Egyptian buffalo, and to determine the site of intra-articular injection of this joint. This study was conducted on eighteen fresh cadaveric distal limbs of healthy Egyptian buffaloes. Six cadaveric MCP/MTP joints were freshly dissected for studying their normal morphological features and determination of the suitable site for intra-articular injection. Another twelve MCP/MTP joints were imaged using a 16-slice CT scanner and a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, injected with coloured latex and then sectioned into dorsal, sagittal and transverse slices. The articular surface, joint cavity, ligaments and surrounding tendons of the MCP/MTP joint were identified and briefly described. CT and MRI provided identification of the bony and soft tissue structures of the MCP/MTP joint with variable signal intensities. The present study provided a brief description of the normal gross anatomy of MCP/MTP joint in buffalo to serve as a reference for the evaluation of CT and MRI images, which in turn could enable the veterinary clinicians in interpretation of the clinical diseases in this joint., (© 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Abomasal ulcers are difficult to diagnose clinically with limited therapeutic approach to combat the disease. Omental bursitis (OB) and local peritonitis (LP) are known sequelae of abomasal ulcer in cows. In this study, differentiation between OB and LP in regard to clinical symptoms, biochemical analyses and the response to treatment in Buffaloes was done. Twenty buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) were admitted with a history of intermittent appetite, wasting and mild abdominal distension during the period between March 2016 and August 2018. All cases were female (12 recently calved, 2 pregnant, 6 non-pregnant) aging from 3 to 9 years and weighing 350-600 kg. For comparison, 10 apparently healthy non-pregnant female buffaloes were used as controls. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of 11 OB and 9 LP in admitted cases. Laboratory analysis revealed hyperproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia in OB. Hypokalemia and hypochloremia were detected in both OB and LP. Ultrasonography showed hypo-anechoic content with echoic stippling surrounded by echogenic wall in OB, whereas echogenic strands interspersed with anechoic fluid was reported in LP. Intra-lesional lavage by normal saline was applied several times under ultrasongraphic guidance followed by gentamicin 10% intramuscular and H2 antagonist intravenous for 5 days as well as parenteral and enteral fluid therapy. Seven cases of OB clinically improved, whereas no improvements were found in LP cases. OB secondary to abomasal ulcer has a good prognosis in contrast to LP. Ultrasonography provides a useful diagnostic tool and therapeutic guidance for such diseases.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. It causes significant economic losses associated with losses due to slaughter and eradication of infected animal from infected area and other indirect economic losses such as restriction on importation of animals and semen from infected area. The main objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of BLV antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, and camels in Egypt using ELISA test. Serum samples were collected from 350 cattle, 100 buffaloes, and 100 camels during 2018. The seropositivity for BLV-specific antibody was 20.8%, 9%, and 0% in cattle, buffaloes, and camels, respectively. The result revealed significant association (p < 0.05) between age and seroprevalence of BLV infection in cattle > 4 years (24%) compared with those < 4 years (13%). We found no significant association between pregnancy and herd size and seroprevalence of BLV infection in this study (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the age, pregnancy state, and herd size had significant effect on seroprevalence of BLV infection in buffaloes. This study contributes that BLV is detected in cattle and buffaloes in Egypt and confirms that the camels has resistance against BLV infection. Hence, the control measures are very necessary to combat the transmission of the disease and reduce its economic impact.

The aim of the study was to identify the breeding goals, derive the relative goal values (RGV), and develop selection index (SI) for buffalo in Egypt. A structured questionnaire survey of milk-producing buffalo holders in 10 Egyptian governorates was carried out to collect data. The total number of surveyed holders was 1797. Buffalo holders were asked to identify the breeding goal groups (BGG). Breeding goal groups were ranked, according to relative importance to farmers, in descending order. The breeding goal traits (BGT) within each BGG were chosen and ranked in descending order. The survey results reflected the importance of milk production traits as the main breeding goal. Traits of milk yield and fat yield were given the greatest attention. In order to estimate the relative goal values (RGV), the subjective determination procedure was used. A principal component analysis (PCA) followed by cluster analysis (CA) of the principal components were performed. The CA led to the identification of three farmer clusters. Six selection indices were proposed from the PCA. The indices yielded different precision with a maximum of 93% of the holder's preferences variability. The current study revealed that subjective method could be used to identify the RGV. Further studies are needed particularly those related to the production system. Also, measurements of market data and consumers requests and their influence on the selected traits are badly needed.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the accuracy of trans-rectal color Doppler ultrasonography for early diagnosis of pregnancy in Egyptian buffalo based on subjective assessment of luteal blood flow (LBF). After timed artificial insemination (TAI), a total of 112 pluriparous buffalo were subjectively evaluated for LBF and there were score scales or grades (I-IV) determined at different times (Days 6, 14, 17, 21) post-TAI. Another trans-rectal B-mode ultrasonography of the uterus was performed at Day 35 to confirm pregnancy diagnosis based on recognition of the positive signs of pregnancy. Retrospectively, the results of B-mode ultrasonography were compared to that of the subjective evaluations of LBF for determining accuracy values. Furthermore, serum progesterone (P4) concentrations were determined as an indicator of corpora lutea (CL) function. Results indicate 68 of 112 buffalo (60.7%) were diagnosed as pregnant. The accuracy value of the LBF subjective evaluation was significant (80.4%; P <  0.05) at Day 17, and there was the maximum accuracy (96.4%) at Day 21 post-TAI. The percentage of false diagnoses was less at Days 17 and 21 compared with Day 6 and 14 post-TAI. There was a significant matching value between P4 concentrations and scores for LBF on and after Day 17 post-insemination. In conclusion, subjective evaluation of LBF using color Doppler ultrasonography is considered an accurate technique for early detection of pregnancy in Egyptian buffalo especially the non-pregnant animals as early as Day 17, with maximum accuracy at Day 21 post-TAI., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study was conducted on 47 pluriparous pregnant Egyptian buffalo. Body condition score (BCS) was classified and blood samples were collected pre-partum and post-partum for estimation of IGF-1, hormonal, metabolic and antioxidants values. There was palpation per rectum and ultrasonography in addition to quantitation of progesterone (P 4 ) and estradiol-17β (E-17β) for monitoring post-partum ovarian resumption. Reproductive indices were calculated 60, 90, 120 and 150 days post-partum. Based on the concentrations of P 4 and E-17β, buffalo were divided into ovulatory and non-ovulatory groups. The P 4 and E-17β were greater (P < 0.001) in ovulatory compared to non-ovulatory buffalo. The BCS and IGF-1 post-partum were greater (P =  0.024; 0.001, respectively) in ovulatory than non-ovulatory buffalo. Glucose and albumin were greater during pre- (P < 0.001; 0.013) and post-partum (P = 0.005; 0.003) periods in ovulatory than non-ovulatory buffalo. Post-partum, NEFA and BHBA concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in non-ovulatory than ovulatory buffalo. The BUN concentrations were greater (P =  0.002) in non-ovulatory buffalo during pre- and post-partum periods. There were differences in GSH and SOD concentrations between groups (P < 0.001; 0.002, respectively). The BCS, albumin, IGF-1, GSH and SOD concentrations post-partum were negatively correlated with the delay of post-partum ovulation. The post-partum NEFA and BHBA concentrations, however, were positively correlated with delayed post-partum ovulation. Ovulatory buffalo had fewer (P < 0.01) days non-pregnant and for calving intervals as well as greater pregnancy rates than non-ovulatory buffalo. In conclusion, buffalo with delayed post-partum ovarian resumption were prone to have negative energy balance., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Buffaloes represent a major source of milk production, especially in developing countries including Egypt. The buffalo foot is frequently involved in a large proportion of lameness cases. The relatively small size and complexity of its structures often render the radiographic evaluation of the foot challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging technique that is regarded as both safe and accurate for assessment of the foot disorders in both man and animals. The purpose of the current investigation was to describe the MRI anatomy of buffalo foot using cadaveric hind feet. The feet were subjected to consecutive MRI scanning using a 0.3 Tesla scanner. Both T1-weighted (T1-W) and T2-weighted (T2-W) spin-echo pulse sequences were applied in dorsal, sagittal and transverse planes. The heterogeneity of signal intensities noted amongst foot components allowed for clear differentiation of bones, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and synovial fluid. The T1-W images provided an excellent overview of the foot. They were valuable for visualizing the bones and the alignment of tendons and ligaments. The T2-W images were particularly useful for the evaluation of synovial structures such as tendon sheaths and joint cavities. A communication between the two plantar sacs of the metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints was evident in T2-W images. MRI findings were further confirmed using relevant gross anatomical sections. The present study establishes a detailed MRI anatomic reference of buffalo foot that could help veterinary researchers, clinicians and surgeons for increasing the accuracy of interpretation of foot MRI scans of both healthy and diseased animals., (© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

Mastitis is one of the costliest diseases affecting the world's dairy industry. The important contribution of complement Component 5 (C5) to phagocytosis, which plays a major role in the defence of the bovine mammary gland against infection, makes this component of innate immunity a potential contributor in defending udder against mastitis. The objectives of this study were to sequence and analyse the whole coding region of the C5 gene in Egyptian buffalo and cattle, to detect any nucleotide variations (polymorphisms) and to investigate their associations with milk somatic cell score (SCS) as an indicator of mastitis in dairy animals. We sequenced a buffalo C5 cDNA fragment of 5336 bp (KP221293) and a cattle C5 cDNA fragment of 5303 bp (KP221294), which included the whole coding region and 3-UTR. Buffalo and cattle C5 cDNA shared sequence identity of 99%. The predicted complement C5 proteins consist of 1677 amino acid residues in both animals, one amino acid less than in humans and three amino acids more than in mouse C5 protein. Comparing cDNA sequences of different animals revealed nine novel SNPs in buffalo and seven SNPs in cattle, with two of them being novel. The association analysis revealed that five SNPs in buffalo are highly associated with SCS; indicating the contribution of complement C5 variants in buffalo mastitis resistance. No significant associations were detected between C5 variants and SCS in cattle. This is the first report about C5 variants in buffalo and its association with SCS., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The intensity of heat signs in buffaloes is generally low and the incidence of suboestrus varied from 15 to 73% (Buffalopedia). The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the changes in some milk constituents, oestradiol levels and electrical conductivity of vaginal mucus during peri-oestrous period in prediction of the timing of oestrus in buffaloes. Twenty-one Egyptian buffaloes aged 3-9 year, 1st-6th lactations, were examined by oestrous detector and ultrasonographically for monitoring the ovarian and uterine activity for 7 days around the time of standing oestrus. Sodium, potassium, chloride and lactose were assayed in aqueous phase of milk; besides, oestradiol was estimated in serum. Current results declared highly significant acute changes in milk constituents at the time of oestrus characterized by peaking of chloride and sodium levels and lowering of potassium and lactose values. The alternation in milk composition when arranged in decreasing order of magnitude, sodium was the highest (77.78 ± 0.69%), followed by chloride (61.60 ± 1.52%) and potassium (-58.14 ± 10.89%). Concomitantly, milk lactose decreased by 26.07 ± 7.97% compared to baseline levels. Synchronously, vaginal electrical resistance (VER) showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease, but serum oestradiol 17β levels surged (59.93 ± 7.29 pg/ml) on day of oestrus. Serum oestradiol level was negatively correlated with VER (r = -0.577), potassium (r = -0.661), positively correlated with chloride (r = 0.707) and sodium (r = 0.579) and not correlated with lactose levels. These results for the first time suggested that the changes in constituents of milk during peri-oestrous period may be used as a practical non-invasive indicator for oestrous detection and prediction of ovulation in Egyptian buffaloes., (© 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)