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This article offers a cohesive design optimization and control framework of a large-scale grid-connected battery and battery-less hybrid solar/wind system. Primarily, a techno-enviro-socio-economic design optimization and feasibility analysis were performed for eight distinct energy alternatives. Secondly, a finite-set model predictive current control (FS-MPCC) was proposed to improve both stability and dynamic behavior of the optimal energy alternative under various climatic circumstances. Moreover, finite-set model predictive control is furtherly employed to exploit the maximum permissible power from both solar and wind energies. The proposed framework is verified over a new case-study in Sokhna Industrial Zone in Suez, Egypt. The studied load demand combines both industrial and residential load sectors with a daily consumption of 40,500 kWh and of 4-MW peak. The design optimization results revealed that the grid-connected photovoltaic/wind turbines/converter system has superior sustainable and economic performances with the least net present cost ($17,371,980) and energy cost (0.0782 $/kWh). These values were less than those of the base-case system (grid-only) by 17 % and 22 %, respectively. Moreover, the reliability analysis found a tiny and tolerable daily capacity shortage of 5835-kWh despite the five annual grid outages. Besides, around 52 % of the total energy production was acquired from both solar and wind generation systems, which interpreted in a maximum saving in carbon dioxide emissions by 45.8 % compared to the base-case system and offered substantial social benefits in terms of creating nearly 10 jobs. The FS-MPCC results proved a reinforced dynamic behavior for the maximum power tracking profiles of solar and wind systems as well as in the DC-bus voltage profile regarding the over- and undershoot and the steady-state response. Compared to PI controller, the proposed FS-MPCC creates dq-axis voltages and currents with less disturbances and ripples which inject current/voltage to the grid with fewer harmonics and thus increases the generator's lifetime. To sum up, the proposed method features an integrative and compelling case to be used as an efficient tool to implement large-scale renewable energy projects. It could act as a blueprint for energy developers, researchers, investors, and authorities to achieve affordable and sustainable energy access. • On-grid solar/wind energy system is optimized to meet industrial and residential loads. • PI. FS-MPCC technique is developed and compared with PI for optimal system control. • Optimal design has the least net present and energy costs and maximum carbon savings. • FS-MPCC prove a strengthened dynamic performance under different climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and energy sustainability are major concerns of the world's nations at present. This research introduces a geographical decision-making model for strategically selecting optimal locations for seawater reverse-osmosis desalination plants (SWRODPs). Furthermore, it assesses the best electrification approach, considering onshore wind turbine (WT) or solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants. A representative case-study of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast Region (ERSCR) is considered to validate the proposed model. The study delineates nineteen assessment criteria for building an informed selection of SWRODPs' potential locations. Seven experts with at least ten years of expertise in desalination and renewable technologies were selected to obtain accurate assessment criteria that imitate the real-life selection process. The group best-worth method (GBWM) was employed to ascertain optimal weights for the geospatial model criteria. The findings indicate that a mere 6.11 % of the total land area is deemed suitable, with the remaining 93.89 % classified as restricted. The suitable area is divided into different suitability classes in which about 65.85 % of the suitable area is found good for establishing the SWRODPs, while about 23.65 % of suitable land is found of moderate suitability. Besides, about 9.21 % and 0.03 % of suitable lands are considered very good and excellent suitability for implementing SWRODPs' projects. Moreover, the analysis pinpointed 8 % of the ERSCR (∼12,810 km2) as a highly suitable area for PV installation, predominantly within Qusir, Ras Sidr, Hurghada, and Ataqa districts. Concurrently, a scant 0.15 % (∼244 km2) is optimal for WT in the Qusir district. Further, the results offer proposals to the authorities and energy investors with about 50,200 km2 and 39,858 km2 of the ERSCR suitable for establishing SWRODPs powered by PV and WT, respectively. Overall, the research findings are anticipated to bolster the UN's sustainable development goals 6 and 7 and align with Egypt's Vision 2030. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An approach for modelling, simulation, and optimization of coastal MGs was developed. • Different DSM scenarios were implemented, evaluated, and compared. • Combined load shifting and load shaving techniques with hybrid MG attained the highest cost savings. • 100% renewable-based MG offered more sustainable design. • Sensitivity analysis proves the reliability and generalizability of the proposed approach. In the realm of sustainable power systems, the pivotal role of demand-side management (DSM) in Microgrids (MGs) design and planning is increasingly recognized. This study accentuates the significance of DSM in improving operational efficiency, economic viability, and environmental sustainability of MGs, focusing on a remote community in the Gulf Al-Aqaba, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. An innovative four-level approach is proposed for the techno-enviro-economic modelling, simulation, and optimization-based DSM of MGs, addressing the challenges posed by renewable energy integration and fluctuating electricity demands. The research explores three demand scenarios: a base load without DSM (SC-1), load shifting-based DSM (SC-2), and a combined load shifting/peak shaving DSM (SC-3), to demonstrate the adaptability and robustness of MGs under different conditions. The findings reveal significant improvements in MG performance, with peak load reduction from 73.66 kW in SC-1 to 50.82 kW in SC-2 and 44.82 kW in SC-3, highlighting the effectiveness of the applied DSM strategies. These strategies also yield economic benefits, evident in an 8% and 23% decrease in the total life cycle cost for hybrid and 100% renewable MG configurations under SC-2 and SC-3, respectively, compared to SC-1. Particularly noteworthy is the reduction in required capacities of key MG components in the hybrid MG scenario under SC-3, with reductions of 10% for solar photovoltaic, 33% for microturbine generator, and 40% for battery energy storage, implying cost savings and a more efficient MG setup. Additionally, the environmental impact is profound, with an 80.3% decrease in emissions for the hybrid MG setup under SC-3 compared to a standalone 50 kW MTG system under SC-1. This outcome highlights the potential of DSM in contributing to environmental sustainability, particularly in MG configurations involving renewable energy sources. In conclusion, the study provides comprehensive insights into the synergy between DSM and MG optimization, underscoring its essential role in addressing climate change and transitioning to sustainable energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the potential and feasibility of an integrating hybrid renewable power generation system with a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant to provide electricity, heat, and water for the New Capital International Airport, Egypt. The proposed energy system contains photovoltaic panels, wind turbine, combined heat-power microturbine generator, diesel generator, batteries, converter, thermal load controller, and a boiler. A comprehensive energy-economic-environmental optimization analysis was performed to optimize energy systems in which 16-feasible solutions were evaluated and compared. The results revealed that the optimal system has the least net present and energy costs by 1.54 M$ and 0.089 $/kWh, respectively, and needs only 1.12 years to recover the invested money. Moreover, the proposed system produces emissions of 59.5% less than the base-case. The optimal system has a negligible unmet load ratio since it has a negligible loss of power supply possibility of 0.0993%. The thermal load controller has a significant impact on reducing the net present cost, cost of energy, emissions, and needed batteries by 52%, 56.4%, 36.5%, and 90%, respectively compared to the base-case. The obtained results are expected to attract large investments in clean energy and water desalination because of the government's challenges in such fields. • Energy-economic-environmental optimization is performed for an airport in the new capital of Egypt. • Prominence is set to provide the airport with the daily need for electricity, heat, and water. • The effect of renewables, TLC, and batteries on the optimal system performance is discussed. • The cost of energy of the optimal system is reached to 0.08 $/kWh with a payback period of 1.2 years. • The proposed system generates 59.5% of CO 2 emission less than the traditional diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solar-wind-diesel hybrid system is proposed for a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant. • A 3E fuzzy decision-making optimization model is developed for ten distinct energy systems. • Performance of flow batteries and pumped hydro storage technologies are investigated and compared. • Hybrid system with battery option results in better energy, economic, and ecological benefits. • Sensitivity analysis on storage cost show more savings in NPC and COE with pumped hydro than the battery. This paper aims to propose a conceptual design model for sustainable hybrid renewable stand-alone energy system (HRSES) to meet the electricity demand of a large-scale reverse osmosis desalination plant in Baltim, Egypt. The model investigates the feasibility of different HRSES alternatives and develop a fuzzy-based multicriteria decision-making model for meticulously selecting the optimal energy solution. Both zinc-bromine flow battery and turbine-pumped hydro energy storage technologies are integrated independently with wind, solar, and diesel power sources. Firstly, the proposed model uses HOMER software to execute an energy-economic-ecological optimization analysis for studying the practicability and components sizing of nine HRSES alternatives. Second, an integration between Fuzzy-AHP and Fuzzy-VIKOR decision-making methods is executed to choose the best design considering ten performance criteria. In the second stage, the fuzzy environment is engaged to expedite decision-makers to express their ratings in linguistic terms and to achieve more sensible and accurate results. Among ten feasible alternatives, the results reveal that the optimal system consists of 5 × 20-kW wind turbines, 328-kW photovoltaic array, 100-kW diesel generator, 112 batteries and 235-kW converter. This system has the best economic performance among all alternatives with least NPC, COE, and payback-period of $1,048,046, 0.101$/kWh and 1.1 yr, respectively. Besides, it has a treasured share of renewable of 95.55%; hence, it produces a realistic CO 2 of 25,426.46 kg/year. Lastly, the sensitivity analysis illuminates that the future load growth and low-interest rate hurt upcoming investments while the projected reduction in the cost of energy storages has an encouraging influence on financing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A two-stage multi-attribute analysis method for optimal design of sustainable energy system is proposed. • Different alternatives are optimized based on energy, environmental, economic, and social attributes. • Effect of uncertainty parameters on the designed system structure and cost is examined. • PV-WT-BAT-CONV mini-grid is the most sustainable alternative in El-Qsier urban city, Egypt. • Load growth and battery cost have high impacts on investment decision rather than RE resources. This paper proposes a two-stage multi-attribute analysis method in conceptualizing the feasible electrification strategy with optimal capacities for a mid-rise building situated in El-Qsier urban city, Egypt. The proposed model measures the implementation practicability of hybrid mini-grid against stand-alone diesel and the utility grid extension systems. The model takes into consideration, simultaneously, a total of 12 attributes covering technical, economic, environmental, and socio-political sustainability aspects. First, an accurate Energy-Enviro-Economic (3E) optimization analysis is performed to determine the set of feasible configurations using HOMER Pro software. Second, a Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) model is established based on AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR, CODAS, WASPAS methods to identify the unique best alternative. The results of the 3E optimization and decision making analyses confirm the non-viability of the reference site for grid extension against other off-grid systems. Also, the 100 % hybrid renewable mini-grid system is nominated as the most sustainable design, and it yielded optimal capacities of 196 kW, 72 kW, 587 kW h, and 75 kW for photovoltaic, wind turbine, converter, and battery. The system has total life-cycle and energy costs of 751,597$ and 0.2374$/kWh, respectively, with a zero-emission value and maximum social benefits equals 0.6089 jobs/year. Meanwhile, the sensitivity analysis elucidates that the load growth and battery cost have a high impact on investment decisions rather than solar irradiance and wind speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multi-objective optimization model for the optimal design of HMGESs is proposed. • The optimization model includes energy, economic and environmental aspects in the assessment. • SPV/WDG/DslG/Battery is the most economic, sustainable, and ecologically favorable option. • A power management strategy is applied efficiently on the optimized system to safeguard system power quality. Currently, the global gives a unique awareness of sustainable development by exploiting renewables to provide the people with affordable and clean energy and preserve the climate. This paper proposes a methodical and explicit framework of four phases, to design an autonomous hybrid renewable energy system in a community area in Egypt: preliminarily assessment, design optimization analysis, findings evaluation, and power-quality assessment. In the first three phases which performed by HOMER Pro® software, five hybridization scenarios are evaluated and compared regarding their life-cycle cost, carbon outflows, and reliability to distinguish the extraordinary scenario to supply the addressed community area. Contrary to the majority of studies that suffice only the first three phases, the fourth phase is proposed to perform a power-quality valuation based on a power management strategy (PMS). The results reveal that the optimal configuration consists of a photovoltaic generator, wind-driven generator, diesel-genset, battery-bank, and a power converter with the minimum net present cost of 351,223 $ and energy cost of 0.2262 $/kWh among all configurations. The optimal system has a negligible capacity shortage of 0.0955% and produces the least amount of emitted gases by 50.43 tones/year due to the high renewable fraction (57%). Moreover, the optimal proposed system can recover the invested money after only 3.4 years. The proposed PMS profitably harmonized the system's energy exchange, kept sufficient reserve energy at all times, and maintained the system stability under various meteorological and load disturbances. This can be verified from the superior stabilization of the dc-bus, load voltage and frequency during the examined disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]