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In this study, examination of infected cattle infested with tick, identification of collected tick samples were based on the12S rDNA PCR products as Rhipicephalus annulatus, the GenBank accession number is (OP650242). A total of 72 blood samples from crossbred cattle of both sexes were examined clinically and in the laboratory. Out of these, 43 cattle were healthy, while 19 (26.38%) had theileriosis and 10 (13.88%) had babesiosis. Hemogram analysis revealed distinct anemia patterns, with Babesia-infected cattle displaying macrocytic hypochromic anemia and Theileria-infected ones showing normocytic normochromic anemia, both with reduced platelet counts. Babesia-infected cattle had elevated total leukocyte counts, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, and lymphopenia, while Theileria-infected cattle had decreased total leukocyte counts, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia. In infected cattle, serum biochemistry showed increased ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea levels in both Babesia and Theileria infections. There was decreased serum protein, and albumin, in both cases. Oxidative stress revealed elevated serum malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) levels in infected animals compared to controls. After administering Imidocarb dipropionate (1mg/kg S/C) and Buparvaquone (1ml/20kg I/M) to animals with babesiosis and theileriosis, respectively, there was a positive change in the hematological and biochemical measures, bringing them closer to the normal values. There is a genuine danger to the cattle industry in Egypt due to the existence of babesiosis, theileriosis, and their vector. Modern techniques like PCR should be utilized for precise monitoring and to prevent spread of such diseases. Furthermore, adverse effect of Babesia and Theileria on hematological and biochemical parameters can be eliminated through the appropriate use of Imidocarb dipropionate and Buparvaquone for babesiosis and theileriosis respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theileriosis is a tick‐borne protozoal disease caused by a piroplasm of the genus Theileria. Hard ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that serve as vectors of Theileria spp. Studies of the presence of theileriosis in Egyptian dogs and associated ticks are scarce. This study was conducted to detect and identify Theileria spp. in dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks and to monitor the epidemiological data of this disease. The prevalence rates of Theileria equi infection were 12.02%, 0.73%, 2.93%, and 1.83% by microscopic examination of dog blood, tick hemolymph, tick midgut, and tick salivary smears, respectively. Conversely, the T. equi prevalence in dog blood and associated ticks assessed by PCR was 25.81% and 10.42%, respectively. Epidemiological data about Theileria infection revealed a significant difference in the infection between different seasons and different dog breeds (p value <0.05), whereas host, sex, and age of dogs had no significant effect on the infection. Sequencing of PCR products showed that all PCR positive samples were infected with T. equi. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) described the different stages of Theileria in the midgut and salivary gland of infected ticks. The current study confirmed that T. equi is not specific to equine hosts, and confirmed that dogs are a susceptible host to T. equi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Theileria annulata is the most prevalent piroplasm infecting cattle across Egypt. Theileriosis is transmitted by ixodid ticks of the genus Hyalomma. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of theileriosis in cattle and their associated risk factors for infection. Materials and Methods: A total of 570 blood samples were collected from cattle from five governorates (administrative districts) in Egypt and examined using a polymerase chain reaction assay to estimate the prevalence of tropical theileriosis and assess the associated risk factors. Results: The overall prevalence rate was 16.49%, with the Alexandria district having the highest prevalence. The results revealed that the risk of theileriosis was elevated in older cattle (odds ratio [OR]=8.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6- 21.9), especially in summers (OR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.4-6.3). Cattle heavily infested with ticks were at particular risk (OR=3.05, 95% CI: 2.1-4.5), as were those to which acaricide had not been applied (OR=13.7, 95% CI: 5.6-33.6). Conclusion: Understanding the risk factors associated with T. annulata infection and regular infection monitoring could reduce infection rates and economic losses and is essential for the implementation of efficient control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Ovine theileriosis caused by Theileria ovis and Theileria lestoquardi is an important infectious disease affecting small ruminants in regions of the tropic and subtropic zones. There is limited studies about ovine theileriosis in Egypt; so the present study aims to assess the occurrence of ovine theileriosis in Egypt at the molecular level. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 115 randomly selected sheep, which were apparently healthy; the ages of the sampled sheep ranged from 1 to 5 years old, from a local breed (barkae and balade), and showed no symptoms indicating infection with Theileria spp. The study was conducted in three governorates representing Lower Egypt (Menoufia and Beheira) and Upper Egypt (El-Wady El-Geded). All blood samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semi-nested PCR to target Theileria spp. 18S rRNA genes. Positive samples were sequenced, and these sequences were analyzed using nucleotide basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). Results: Six animals (5.22%) were PCR-positive carriers for ovine theileriosis. Nucleotide BLAST and phylogenetic analyses of the six obtained sequences showed that T. ovis was present in five animals (4.37%) in Menoufia (n=2) and El-Wady El-Geded (n=3), whereas T. lestoquardi was detected in 1 animal (0.87%) in El-Wady El-Geded. Conclusion: This study is the first to provide molecular evidence, genetic characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of ovine Theileria spp. in Egypt. Specifically, T. lestoquardi and T. ovis carrier statuses of sheep were confirmed. These results highlight the importance of developing an effective control strategy against ovine theileriosis carriers that might develop and/or spread theileriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study during one year 294 blood samples, collected from cattle showing clinical signs arousing suspicion of theileriosis and apparently healthy neighboring animal (related one) for diagnosis of theileriosis using stained blood film and molecular diagnosis (Semi nested PCR). the result of blood film revealed that 91 out of 294 examined cattle (30.95%) were positive for the piroplasmic form (intra erythrocytic stage) of T. annulate infection, the highest prevalence of infection by theileriosis was (39.50 %) in Summer, and the lowest rate was (13.95 %) in Winter. and the highest prevalence of infection was 39.30 %, in age group1 (1day - 6months) and the lowest rate was 21.40%. in group 5 (> 4 Years). The Tbs-S/Tbs-A primer set was used for PCR amplification of Theileria sp. And the Ta-S/Tbs-A specific primer set was used in semi-nested PCR technique for detection of Theileria annulata. The semi-nested PCR accurately revealed (60%) positive samples The results indicated that Giemsa staining method, having 50% sensitivity, is not suitable for determination of Theileria annulata in carrier cattle, while semi-nested PCR technique can be used as a gold standard method for the mentioned aim and also can be used for screening of Theileria annulata carrier cattle in all regions. The phylogenic analysis of DNA of theileriosis revealed two sequences deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers MK332380 and MK332382. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buparvaquone is now the principle medicinal drug utilized against tropical theileriosis. The current study was conducted to determine the potential association between the resistance against buparvaquone and the occurrence of mutations in the Cytochrome b (Cyto b) gene of Theileria annulata (T. annulata) in cattle under Egyptian conditions. We sequenced the Cyto b gene of T. annulata of 6 blood samples collected from 1 responding and 5 non-responding cattle to buparvaquone treatment. The analysis revealed that two mutations occurred in codons 253 and 262 within the quinol oxidation (Qo2) drug-binding site of the five resistant isolates. Two mutations in the Qo1 site were found together in the buparvaquone sensitive isolate only. Our findings suggest that the failure of buparvaquone therapy could be attributed to the presence of single or double point mutations at the Qo2 site of T. annulata Cyto b gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of Theileria annulata surface protein (TaSP)-ELISA, in comparison with traditional microscopic test, for the diagnosis of T. annulata infection among Egyptian baladi cattle (Bos taurus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Molecular confirmation of infection using T. annulata merozoite surface (Tams-1) target amplification by PCR was used as a gold standard. A total of 76 clinically suspected animals including 64 baladi cattle and 12 water buffaloes were investigated in the current study by the three methods. Based on the PCR-confirmed results, the evaluation study revealed higher sensitivity of TaSP-ELISA (72.9% and 75%) as compared to microscopic examination (58.3% and 50%) among cattle and buffaloes, respectively. On the other hand, the specificity of TaSP-ELISA in diagnosis of T. annulata infection was higher (87.5%) in baladi cattle as compared to water buffaloes (37.5%). In conclusion, TaSP-ELISA was shown to be suitable for the diagnosis of T. annulata infection in cattle under field conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]