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The Covid-19 pandemic and Black Lives Matter protests have given renewed impetus to campaigns against racial inequality. In education, the issue of curriculum – and particularly the history curriculum – has been at the centre of campaigns to "decolonise the curriculum". While barriers to the teaching of "diverse" British histories in England's classrooms have long been recognised, relatively little research has been done on the crucial role of history teacher educators and teacher training in developing a diverse profession, practice, and curriculum. This paper seeks to address these gaps through analysis of interviews with history teacher educators, trainee history teachers and key stakeholders. In particular, it explores the responses of history teacher educators to recent calls for curriculum reform, charts how these demands for change have influenced thinking and practice in Initial Teacher Education (ITE) in history and identifies ongoing challenges to the development of more inclusive curriculum and pedagogic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1644 and 1672, England halted the production of its lowest denomination coins, prompting ordinary individuals and communities to create coins to address the shortage of small change. A large twentieth-century collection that includes over 13,000 such surviving tokens has largely been overlooked by historians and economists, despite the tokens' significance. In this source and others are a total of over 9,000 types of tokens, originating mainly from the City of London, thirty-seven English counties, and the Irish Pale. Catalogued in an eight-volume Sylloge, published over thirty years, the tokens offer valuable insights into England's history and societal dynamics during a tumultuous period that included two major regime changes, plague, and London's Great Fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the short history of the English jury in the modern age. The main goal of the author is completing a historical research and finding the most important features concerning legal institutions of the Anglo-Saxon type of lay jurisdiction in England and Ireland. The historical perspective gives a chance to examine the institutions of the jury as a court of citizens integrated into the jurisdiction of the state for a brief period of time. The author takes the view in several periods from the early 19th century up to the end of the 20th century. It is not the procedure but the organisational rules which are under discussion here with special attention to the conditions which determined the role of the jury as a part of county courts and sessions as well as the central tribunals in London. The literature was collected in the British Library during research intervals to have the opportunity to work from special sources not cited by Central-European scholars yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the polemical history of John White's First Century of Scandalous, Malignant Priests (1643) to argue that the revolutionary public culture of England's mid-century civil wars transformed seventeenth-century libellous politics by rendering ad hominem defamation into a routine element of formal partisan print culture for the first time in English history. The article concludes by demonstrating that when the Century reappeared in print eighty years later to excoriate a new generation of clergymen, public defamation had become a mundane, although still controversial, element of English political culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One thing above others is known widely about the so-called 'English' cadence: that it is not English. Ever since musicologists of the mid-twentieth century named it, the cadence has laboured under the guise of its deceptiveness. However, as argued in this article, the cadence has much to tell us about the musical culture of England at the end of the sixteeenth and into the seventeenth century, during which period it was popular. The 'English' cadence shines a light on the movement towards tonality, the twilight period of solmization, and the understanding of false relations. An etymology of the cadence, making use of etymology's older, more playful, punning role as the rhetorical trope etymologia , demonstrates that (English or not), the cadence has much to tell us about this poignant period of English history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers the "architrope" as a means for apprehending rhetorical figures on a symbolic landscape (or "tropography"). I argue that ethical critique of public memory places requires more than reading visual representations and envisioning resistive viewer agencies. Inspired by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's declaration that it should not be possible to remember Victorian England's women writers without recalling the "worlding" functions of colonial literature in British imperialism, I examine how the Brontë Parsonage Museum should unworld and otherworld its memoryscape. Adding spatial dimension to visual rhetoric, I map tropographic turns where visitors should not only unsettle histories but also confront aporias of postcolonial, feminist, and queer memories. Although rhetorical scholars celebrate the radical potential of the uncanny and the subjunctive mood, my analysis shows that uncanniness can be commodified, and colonizing narratives necessitate overt negation. Remapping commonplaces of museums and memorials therefore requires replacing rhetorical theory's acquiescence to possibility with emplaced attunement to impossible demands of the forgotten and unrepresentable dead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides brief biographical information about various contributors to the field of seventeenth-century history. The contributors are scholars and researchers who have written extensively on topics such as English religion, politics, ecclesiastical history, and early modern British history. Their areas of expertise include Protestantism, Catholicism, religious culture, and the political and religious history of England during the seventeenth century. The document also mentions their current projects and publications. [Extracted from the article]

Amidst the flood of unionist literature that followed the accession of James VI to the throne of England, Thomas Craig's De unione regnorum Britanniae stands out as the largest, at around 95,000 words, and the most sophisticated in terms of its argumentation. This article examines Craig's argumentation in detail and shows that he understood British history as a repeating cycle of internecine conflicts between the peoples of Britain followed by invasion and conquest by continental powers. For Craig, the existential threat to Britain was Spain, the dominant Catholic power of the day. While negotiations for an end to the long war between England and Spain were contemporaneous with union negotiations, the De unione can still be seen as a warning about the ongoing dangers of disunity among British Protestants. It is shown that Craig's solution to the lingering historical antagonism between England and Scotland and the unwillingness on either side to compromise their fundamental national identity lay in an idealised version of the feudal-legal relationship as the foundation for the union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trevor Wild's I Village England: A Social History of the Countryside i traces the evolution of rural England from the Dark Ages through the 20th century. Leaning primarily upon his background as a geographer, Wild engages these writers in his narrative in order to situate village England within the nation's larger cultural identity, even as he grapples with his own sense of nostalgia regarding rural English life. Beginning with a brief discussion on the emergence of village life prior to the 18th century, Wild turns his attention toward the "first transformation" (22) of village England with the parliamentary enclosures of the Georgian age. [Extracted from the article]

The Auchinleck Manuscript was produced in the 1330s in London and is best known to scholars of Middle English literature on account of the romances that it transmits. Several of these texts treat the establishment and defense of England and it has been argued that their interest in English history is matched by the language in which almost all of the manuscript's texts are written: English. This article reconsiders the Englishness of the Auchinleck Manuscript via a quantitative analysis of its lexis. We show that a comparatively large proportion of the Auchinleck lexicon has connections to French and that, of these words with French connections, many do not appear to have been much used in English writing before the 1300s. Our statistics are derived via program scripts that match Auchinleck lexicon items to headword entries in the Middle English Dictionary and collect data pertaining to word etymology and earliest dates of citation from those entries. Where previous studies have emphasized the porous boundaries between English and French in 14th-century English contexts, we posit that some poets might aim to make creative capital out of the deliberate juxtaposition of the languages. The argument is supported by a series of visualizations; interactive versions of these visualizations and the data on which they are based are archived at our project website (https://solliryc.github.io/AuchinleckDataViz/). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of child characters in the novels of Charles Dickens, his association with children's literature is often forgotten, and his A Child's History of England, first published in instalments in his journal Household Words (January 1851 to December 1853), has frequently been ignored by critics. The aim of this article is to re-evaluate its achievement as an extended piece of story-telling, taking into account the particular context of the writing of juvenile histories in the early 19th century and their likely readership. My approach takes as its starting point Phelan's (2017) framework which views narrative as a rhetorical action, and which is focused on purpose, resources and audience. I propose two main resources or strategies, interlocutory role-play and dramatization, which contribute to the work's distinctive style; at the same time as they confirm the narrator's ethical values as a historian for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That Hideous Strength, the third novel of C. S. Lewis's The Space Trilogy, called by its author "a modern fairy-tale for grown-ups", was written at the end of the Second World War; it is set in some indefinable time "after the war". Nevertheless, the culture and history of England plays a significant role in the novel, not only as the source of images and storylines, but also as a topic of scientific research inside the author's world. The characters' attitude towards this topic is meaningful. The cultural and historical context of the novel is complex: we can see there is the legendary history of England (Arthurian tales, Merlin as the legendary person and literary character) and its real history (certain features of English colleges dating back to the Middle Ages, real characters such as Henry Bracton, the famous lawyer of the 13th century, Cromwell, etc.). Both real and legendary histories intertwine in the world of the novel, sometimes within a single paragraph or scene, for example when the narrator speaks of his visit to Bragdon Wood (chapter 1, part 3), where a real historical figure (Bracton), an imaginary locus (the wood) and "the medieval song" of the 14th century made up by Lewis himself are put together, or when Mr. Dimble (chapter 1, part 5) talks about the historical origins of Arthurian legends. It makes the world of the novel multidimensional and atemporal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battle of Hastings is without question one of the more important conflicts in English history, representing the last time England was successfully invaded by a foreign power. Reflecting this fact, there are literally hundreds of accounts that seek to examine and explain precisely what happened when opposing English and Norman forces met in Sussex on 14 October 1066. Although much has been written about the men who actually fought there, surprisingly little has been written about where they originated from. To help address this anomaly, this article examines participation in the English army at the battle with the aid of geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. The analysis indicates that participation in the English army was spatially dependent and related to the amount of land per manor. It is also demonstrated that manors held by the local elites at the time (thegn) by and large did not participate in the battle. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the veracity of existing historical accounts of the Battle of Hastings, as well as options for and benefits of applying GIS analysis to other historical events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last thirty years, historians have made several important contributions to our understanding of the short but dramatic restoration of Catholicism in 1550s England. United by a shared rejection of the hitherto dominant interpretation of Mary I's reign as a retrograde and unfortunate interlude in the history of the English Reformation, so-called 'revisionists' have convincingly argued that Mary in fact presided over a remarkably dynamic and innovative revival of Catholicism. Whilst this scholarship has been extremely valuable in tackling the teleological assumption that Marian Catholicism was predestined to fail, this review suggests that the revisionist programme continues to be preoccupied by somewhat ill-conceived and unhelpful questions about how 'successful' Mary's church was in providing for a Catholic future. Such questions demonstrate just how far the historiography of Marian religion continues to operate within a framework still subtly shaped by sixteenth-century, confessionally charged polemic. This review suggests that, rather than debates about 'successes' or 'failures', we need to start working outwards from the valuable findings of revisionists regarding the dynamism of Marian religion, exploring their broader implications for how we understand the long-term development of Catholicism in England, as well as the Marian church's place within European Christendom more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical examples can often serve as more persuasive evidence, especially to the general public, than the most well-reasoned theory. It is not surprising then that in the later part of his career, David Hume chose this medium to communicate his philosophy. Hume's intentions and the outcomes of writing The History of England are well worth revisiting periodically. In this work, Hume cleverly uses political esotericism to push forward his two overarching goals. The primary goal was to disseminate the philosophy that harmony lies near the middle, at least in regard to political authority. This belief does not require all those who are governed and those who govern to be moderate in their views. In fact, on many subjects, Hume did not hold a view anywhere near the center; he merely promoted the notion that society should be governed somewhere near the median. If one wished to push governmental authority in one direction or the other, a society's culture must be pushed in that direction at the same time to avoid the instability that can lead to tyranny. Hume's secondary goal was to push the median view of his society toward one that favored a liberal state, a state that could only be sustainable if Hume's primary goal was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing accounts of the history of England's Muslims generally agree that education was a crucial area of early interaction between Muslims and the state. They also tend to situate Muslim–state interactions in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s in the context of Britain's developing racial diversity, arguing that the religious identity of Muslims was not acknowledged until the end of the 1980s. State responses to Muslim educational needs prior to the 1980s have been characterised as ad hoc and disorganised, with the possibility of successful relations undermined by the racial and secular focus of multiculturalism. This article challenges this analysis, offering a new chronology and interpretation. It demonstrates that Muslims were interacting with the state in the form of Local Education Authorities from the 1960s and explores the significance of the long history of conservative pluralism in state responses to religious diversity in Britain. It addresses some of the reasons that these interactions tend not to feature in existing accounts and argues the case for further research into interactions between Muslims and the local state in Britain in the late twentieth century to build on the evidence presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfred the Great is, without a doubt, an important figure not only in English history, but also in that of the European Middle Ages. His policies for dealing with the Nordic invasion of England, as well as his cultural, educational and legal reforms, have made this king a revered figure in English intellectual circles, especially in the 19th century. It is striking that, in spite of his popularity, this monarch does not have a more prominent presence within audiovisual media, which is the artistic mass media par excellence of the twentieth and twenty-first century. The objective of the present work is to investigate the historical popularity and audiovisual trajectory of this king, as well as to analyze his representation in the cinema and television productions that have dealt with him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the care of illegitimate children of upper middle class and elite men in the late eighteenth-century in England, considering negotiations between the birth mother, the father, and the man's wife, as well as social beliefs regarding reputation and women. Topics include poor laws and the role of government, gender roles, illegitimate children, and studies f the Dacres and Pembrokes families, who raised their illegitimate children within their households.

In 1523 the theologian John Stokesley was dismissed as a judge in the English court of requests following an investigation by the royal council. This article reconsiders the significance of this episode as part of continuous efforts to define royal justice across the sixteenth century. Grounded in unprecedentedly detailed research in the early Requests archive, the article studies the business and personnel of Requests before, during and after Stokesley's presidency. It demonstrates that Stokesley's indiscretions probably undermined the principles of royal justice and required amendment. But this was no simple victory for the common law over extra-legal, equitable justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If spouses' 'hearts be not united in love', their seed could not 'unite to cause Conception', the seventeenth‐century astrologer‐physician, Nicholas Culpeper noted. The authors of early modern medical and conduct texts argued that marital compatibility and harmony were necessary for a union to be fruitful. But where historians of sexuality have assumed that such exhortations spoke to the centrality of sexual pleasure, male and female, to conception, this article contends that having a happy and procreative marriage required far more than achieving a certain measure of enjoyment in sex. Working out whether a prospective spouse would be suitable was a complex process that took into account social, financial, emotional, bodily, religious and astrological similarities. Drawing on conduct manuals, childbearing guides, medical casebooks and the accounts of two unhappy wives, Anne Dormer and Sarah Cowper, this article shows that while the frameworks of compatibility and incompatibility in medical and conduct literature seemed to offer a way for talking about unavoidable and conscionable disagreements and childlessness, there was considerable pressure on women, rather than men, to overcome unhappiness and ensure fruitfulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special Constables have an established history within British policing. The Special Constabulary has represented an under-researched aspect of policing, with motivations to join, morale, factors relating to length of service and reasons for leaving being poorly understood. This article draws upon data from a national survey of Special Constables undertaken across all police forces in England and Wales. The analysis illustrates differences in motivations, dependent on age, and length of service, with younger Special Constables viewing the role as a pathway to future paid employment as a Regular police officer. The results contradict perspectives that attribute attrition from the Special Constabulary primarily to changes in personal circumstances for Specials, demonstrating how such changes are less important than satisfaction with the experience of being a Special Constable. The article concludes by identifying the significance of the findings for future policy and practice in respect of the Special Constabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Free of haste, careless of exactitude, unconcerned by productivity.' This is how Jacques Le Goff characterized the temporality of pre-industrial rural working life. In E. P. Thompson's famous argument, it was only with the arrival of the factory and the industrial age that the erratic rhythms of English working people were abruptly swept away by a new imperative for long and regular working hours controlled by the clock. It is a thesis that has been much debated in relation to pre- and non-industrial cities, and with regard to the impact of industrialization when it arrived. There has, however, been very little scrutiny of its account of the relationship between time and work in rural England before industrialization. This article therefore offers the first extensive empirical study of both time consciousness and work-related time-use in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century rural England. It does so by drawing on the testimony that ordinary women and men gave before the courts, testimony that often divulged both how those people told the time of day, and how they used it. What emerges is that English rural society in this period had a relatively high degree of clock-time awareness, and that everyday patterns of work followed more consistent and regular rhythms than Thompson's thesis allows. As a consequence, the article argues that we need to question the assumption that the long hours and work discipline of 'modernity' had no roots in 'traditional' English rural life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of this article, "On the Racist Nature of the Psyche," is a play on the title of Jung's seminal paper, "On the Nature of the Psyche," in which he sets out his most complete theoretical description of how he viewed the workings of the psyche. The author describes Jung's view of the psyche and discusses some astrological imagery related to the psychology of the Age of Pisces, which Jung addressed extensively in Aion. The lenses provided by both of those perspectives are then used to examine some history related to England and the very early American colonial period. This is the time when the institution of slavery began to take hold on the North American mainland; exploring that is useful relative to looking at our racial complex. Finally, the author comments on the imagery and psychology of the current, or sometime soon coming, Age of Aquarius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on Queen Mary's Dolls' House, designed by Edwin Landseer Lutyens and unveiled to the public in 1924 at the British Empire Exhibition. The Dolls' House epitomised the characteristics of Britain as a nation and an empire through its English exterior and British world objects within. Marginalised in academic discourses and regarded as a plaything, this article brings the Dolls' House back to discourses of British material and visual culture as well as Lutyens scholarship. To this end, it analyses how the design and contents of the House encapsulated the British imperial world and materialised Britain's position in the postwar world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin poetry crossed the confessional divide, for Protestant writers drew gratefully on the poetry of the Polish Jesuit Casimir Sarbiewski, who figures here as a major presence in the mindset of English writers of devotional and moralizing poetry. In this magisterial work Victoria Moul presents a literary map of early-modern England which hardly anyone will recognize. A literary history of Latin & English poetry: bilingual verse culture in early modern England: by Victoria Moul, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2022, xiv + 586 pp., £110.00 (hardback), ISBN 9781107192713. [Extracted from the article]

In the 1650s, after a century of increase, the population of England stopped growing. It was not to increase substantially again before 1750. Over the same interval, and not wholly coincidentally, scholars and theologians were trying to defend the orthodox account of how global population had increased since the Creation and must continue to do so, and the first political arithmeticians were trying to measure and analyse demographic change. This article seeks to throw fresh light on this many-sided discourse by examining William Petty's attempt to write an account of the multiplication of mankind, and the reasons why he failed to complete it. It focuses particularly on Petty's part in developing methods of measuring population density which highlighted the potential for future growth, and on the equally important demonstration by John Graunt that high and rising mortality in cities was hindering population growth in reality. As Petty's cousin Robert Southwell pointed out, Graunt's ‘rule of mortality’ was wholly incompatible with any coherent account of the future multiplication of mankind. At the end of this particular discourse, newly discovered facts about demography triumphed over the presuppositions of divinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of Victorian Studies has developed in recent years to encompass narratives of the Victorians across a variety of media and cultural forms. Little has been written, however, on the different Victorianisms at play in museums and heritage sites, many of them Victorian in both origin and content. Taking their cue from the literature and theory of Museum Studies and drawing on a professional and academic background in museums, the authors of this paper provide an overview of the present state of museum displays on the Victorians. It is a situation driven by new commercial pressures, funding cuts and blockbuster exhibitions, occurring at the same time as a push for greater access and more diverse narratives. To outline these developments in greater detail, this paper takes examples from a series of case study sites of Victorian-themed museum displays in Yorkshire. It demonstrates that there has been a growing emphasis on narratives that depart from traditional museum presentations of Victorian elites, particularly with regard to class and gender. This can be seen as a positive step in terms of public engagement with diverse Victorianisms, but there remains work to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirement to proclaim Richard Cromwell lord protector in September 1658 forced town leaders to engage with an unstable political context through the production of a large-scale public event. This article examines the ceremonies used in a range of provincial towns to offer a new perspective on urban culture in 1650s England. By analysing both contemporary print and the records of civic government, it reveals how urban inhabitants could maintain a variety of performative responses to state directive whilst approaching the moment of succession actively and pragmatically to confront issues specific to their respective locales. Crucially, there was no standard ritual experience and civic authorities remained relatively free to modify existing codes and apply them in the way/s that made most sense to their particular situation. In addition to confirming the essentially ambiguous nature of ceremonial expectation in this context, the findings presented in this article complicate our understanding of urban government during the last months of the protectorate by emphasizing the capacity for towns of varied religious and/or political complexion to use public ritual to further corporate interests and negotiate a range of specific concerns in both a national and a local framework. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Basing their conclusions on Latin documents, historians have painted the Jewish courts of medieval England as limited and haphazard affairs, their jurisdiction limited mostly to family law. They have also assumed that rabbinic courts ceased their activity in England after 1242. Hebrew rabbinic sources from the same period-some of which have never been published-provide more detailed information. These sources describe several professional courts staffed by learned scholars and adjudicating a range of legal issues. These courts existed throughout the thirteenth century-until the Expulsion of 1290-and included some of the leading rabbis in medieval England: Benjamin of Cambridge, Moses of London, and Moses's son Elijah Menahem. The London court of Rabbi Elijah Menahem in particular possessed significant powers and utilized Elijah's royal connections to enforce its rulings. Besides correcting the scholarly perception of rabbinic courts in medieval England, this article demonstrates how crucially important rabbinic texts and responsa are for historians as a source alongside other types of medieval documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implications of the Royal charters and inter-urban networks in England from 1439-1449 for wider narratives of English and European political history in the later Middle Ages. Topics discussed include patterns in urban charter acquisition in 15th century, political relationships which tied the recipients of urban charters together, and suggestions about the ways in which the study of inter-urban networks can influence the analysis of later medieval English politics.