Search

An essay is presented on arbitration clause and its binding effect on the related parties. It states the role of courts that vary in their approaches in determining the effect of a charterparty arbitration clause on holders. It mentions that legal diversity among jurisdictions may create choice-of-law and forum-selection problems. It presents a survey for the laws regarding the effect of an arbitration clause on a holder of a bill and examines the approach and theoretical justification applied in each jurisdiction in the U.S., England, and China. It discusses a uniform approach for regulating the effect of arbitration clauses on holders of bills of lading.

Beach profile change in the swash zone on gravel beaches is characterised by enhanced onshore sediment transport and berm formation, and infiltration loss in the swash zone is often given as the reason why gravel beaches are steeper than sand beaches. In this paper, we report on field measurements conducted on a gravel beach, Slapton Sands, Devon, UK, in April 2001. Collected data included surface pressures under uprush and backwash, subsurface pore water pressures, uprush and backwash velocities, and bed elevations. The field data were compared with predictions of the BeachWin model, which simulates interacting wave run-up/run-down, beach groundwater flow, swash sediment transport, and resulting beach profile changes. With a relatively large value of hydraulic conductivity, the model was able to predict the observed berm formation at the upper part of the beach. In contrast, the berm feature was absent in the simulation without swash infiltration effects included. The predicted erosion at the middle section of the beach, however, took place at a location landward of that of the measurements. Simulations were carried out to investigate the sensitivity of the model to changes in the hydraulic conductivity, friction factor, and coefficient ratio of uprush/backwash sediment transport. All parameters were shown to affect the simulation results—in particular, the formation and extent of the berm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to identify the barriers encountered by Chinese people with mental health needs in England which hindered their obtaining appropriate help from the National Health Service (NHS). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]