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Objective: To study basal C-peptide (BCP) and postglucagon C-peptide (PGCP) levels in Ethiopians with diabetes.Research Design and Methods: A total of 56 subjects with type 1 diabetes, 97 subjects with type 2 diabetes, and 50 control subjects were recruited from a hospital in Ethiopia. BCP was determined in all subjects and PGCP in 86 subjects.Results: Mean (+/- SEM) BCP, PGCP, and the increment after glucagon in type 1 diabetic subjects (0.14 +/- 0.04, 0.22 +/- 0.11, and 0.08 +/- 0.05 nmol/l, respectively) were lower (P < 0.001) than those in type 2 diabetic subjects (0.66 +/- 0.04, 1.25 +/- 0.10, and 0.56 +/- 0.06 nmol/l, respectively) or control subjects (0.54 +/- 0.04, 1.52 +/- 0.26, and 1.11 +/- 0.24 nmol/l, respectively). The mean BCP level was higher in type 2 diabetic subjects than control subjects (P=0.015), whereas the mean increment was lower (P=0.005). Insulin-treated type 2 diabetic subjects, compared with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic subjects, had lower mean BCP (0.55 +/- 0.08 nmol/l [n=37] vs. 0.73 +/- 0.04 [n=60], P=0.001), lower PGCP (0.97 +/- 0.20 nmol/l [n=18] vs. 1.40 +/- 0.11 [n=35], P=0.010), and a lower C-peptide increment (0.34 +/- 0.06 [n=18] vs. 0.67 +/- 0.07 nmol/l [n=35], P=0.003). In both the type 1 and type 2 diabetic groups, those with BCP levels <0.2 nmol/l had lower BMI than those with higher BCP levels (P=0.023 and P < 0.001, respectively).Conclusions: Combined with clinical criteria, C-peptide levels are good discriminators between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Ethiopians and may also be useful in identifying subjects with type 2 diabetes who require insulin therapy. There is a subgroup of type 2 diabetic subjects with features of type 1 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many countries continue to have high fertility rates and most of the predicted increase in the world's population until 2100 comes from these countries. Among family planning methods, Long Acting and Permanent Methods are convenient for users and effectively prevent pregnancy. The objective of this study was to assess factors associated with unmet need of Long Acting and Permanent Methods of contraception among women in the reproductive age group (15-49) using contraception in health facilities of Shashemene town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia., Methods: Facility based cross sectional quantitative study and stratified sampling technique was used. Total of 382 females in reproductive age group were enrolled in the study in January 2012. Pretested, structured and close-ended questionnaire was used to interview study participants. Collected data was entered by using EPI Info 17 and analyzed by SPSS version 20 statistical software., Results: Utilization of Long Acting and Permanent Methods (LAPMs) of contraception in Shashemene town was found to be 28.4% (104/366). From study participants, 71.6% (262/366) used short acting methods and from these current short acting users, 127(41.5%) desired to use LAPMs and unmet need of LAPMs was 122(33.3%). Factors significantly associated with unmet need of LAMPs of contraception were: Education of women (< secondary level) AOR [3.8, 95 % CI: 2.9, 7.6; P < 0.001]; lack of discussion between partners AOR [2.9, 95 % CI: 1.8, 9.6; P =  .01]; lack of proper counseling for women AOR [5.3, 95 % CI: 1.7, 11.2; P = 0.04]; and women's occupation as a housewife AOR [4.7, 95 % CI: 3.1, 11.3; P = 0.02]., Conclusion: Unmet need of LAPMs of contraception in health facilities in Shashemene town was high. Women education, partner discussion and proper client counseling were found the main factors associated women LAPMs utilization.