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This article presents the results of a genetic analysis of the Ashina, a nomadic Turkic-speaking group from ancient Eurasia. The study used data from ancient DNA samples to investigate the genetic ancestry of the Ashina and their relationships with other Eurasian populations. The results showed that the Ashina had a mixed genetic heritage, with influences from both West Eurasian and East Eurasian populations. The study also found genetic differences between the Ashina and other Turkic-speaking populations, suggesting genetic heterogeneity within the Turkic Khaganate. Additionally, the analysis revealed genetic relationships between the Ashina and other ancient Eurasian populations, such as the Xiongnu and Tianshan nomadic groups. The findings provide insights into the genetic history and diversity of ancient Eurasian populations. [Extracted from the article]

The coexistence of wild boars and domestic pigs across Eurasia makes it feasible to conduct comparative genetic or genomic analyses for addressing how genetically different a domestic species is from its wild ancestor. To test whether there are differences in patterns of genetic variability between wild and domestic pigs at immunity-related genes and to detect outlier loci putatively under selection that may underlie differences in immune responses, here we analyzed 54 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 19 immunity-related candidate genes on 11 autosomes in three pairs of wild boar and domestic pig populations from China, Iberian Peninsula, and Hungary. Our results showed no statistically significant differences in allele frequency and heterozygosity across SNPs between three pairs of wild and domestic populations. This observation was more likely due to the widespread and long-lasting gene flow between wild boars and domestic pigs across Eurasia. In addition, we detected eight coding SNPs from six genes as outliers being under selection consistently by three outlier tests (BayeScan2.1, FDIST2, and Arlequin3.5). Among four non-synonymous outlier SNPs, one from TLR4 gene was identified as being subject to positive (diversifying) selection and three each from CD36, IFNW1, and IL1B genes were suggested as under balancing selection. All of these four non-synonymous variants were predicted as being benign by PolyPhen-2. Our results were supported by other independent lines of evidence for positive selection or balancing selection acting on these four immune genes ( CD36, IFNW1, IL1B, and TLR4). Our study showed an example applying a candidate gene approach to identify functionally important mutations (i.e., outlier loci) in wild and domestic pigs for subsequent functional experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]