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The EU and the ILO have invested large amounts of resources in the past 20 years in promoting core labour standards. This article examines the products on these investments, by analysing the linkage between the protection of collective labour rights, countries’ statuses in the EU, ratification of the ILO’s fundamental conventions and ILO monitoring. The article argues that labour standards were formulated to counteract competitive pressures aggravated by economic integration, by creating minimum standards. The ILO created minimum standards by designating eight conventions as fundamental conventions, and monitoring countries’ compliance. The EU promoted the ILO’s minimum standards, using hard and soft legal instruments, among its members and partner countries. The article hypothesize that these instruments have led to Europeanization and harmonization of labour standards beyond the circles of EU members and EU candidate countries. It tests these hypotheses by analysing data on labour standards in 42 European countries. The results indicate that strengthened relations with the EU are positively associated with subsequent labour standards. The article concludes in pointing out policy and theoretical implications. Namely that the EU’s external action in Europe is a promising venue of EU influence and that Europeanization is a matter of degree rather than category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Medieval period, Roman law and canon law formed ius commune or the common European law. The similarity between Roman and canon law was that they used the same methods and the difference was that they relied on different authoritative texts. In their works canonists and civilists combined the ancient Greek achievements in philosophy with the Roman achievements in the field of law. Canonists were the first who carried out research on the distinctions between various legal sources and systematized them according to a hierarchical order. The Medieval civilists sought solutions in canon law for a large number of problems that Justinian's Codification did not hinge on or did it only superficially. Solutions offered by canon law were accepted not only in the civil law of Continental Europe, but also in the English law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the language standards and perceptions of an authoritative target variety in contemporary Manx Gaelic language which is native to the Isle of Man, a quasi-independent island polity in the Irish Sea. Information about the classical descriptive linguistic of the late native speaker Ned Maddrell in December 1974, is provided. It highlights the opportunities of and remarkable level of institutionalisation along with the expansion of adult learning. An overview on the Haugen's fourfold language planning model including processes of selection, codification, elaboration and implementation, is provided.

The article discusses the need of codification of the Australian contract law. Topics discussed include compensation of deconstructivist approach to codification, interpretation of codification in context of Hayekian approach in to legal system and codification of private law in European legal system.

Against the background of universalization of legal concepts, the regulations of the New Criminal Code call into question the interferences between national and European, local identity and globalization, tradition and modernity. The changes brought to the Criminal Code that focus on offenses of office keep a part of previous approaches, complete them, extend the semantic sphere, suggesting the prestige of the public office, its integration into a context of moral rules, the inducing of more accountable attitudes in order to generate a stable social climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Pravni Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Privado (0123-4366) is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departmento de Derecho Civil and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay, after determining the characteristics constituting a codification, sets out the historical conditions for the creation of national codifications in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It then deals with a number of myths and misconceptions associated with codifications. The Proposal for a Regulation on a Common European Sales Law has now firmly placed the issue of codification on the European legal agenda. The essay therefore attempts to assess its chances of success against the background of the historical experiences; thus, it considers the arguments that have, in the past, been advanced in favour of codifications of private law and also looks at other factors that have contributed to their success. All in all, the auspices for a European Code of Contract Law, let alone a Civil Code, are far from ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of a contract enjoysa long tradition in civil law. However, a good part of the legal doctrine contests its identity, noting that, as regulated, it is mistaken for the object of the obligation. On the other hand, European contract law codification projects avoid nominating it, replacing it with the contract contents. The new Civil Code does not assume these normative orientations, assuming the regulation of the Civil Code in Québec. This study is designed to examine these orientations, to evaluate the solutions of the new Civil Code and to make proposals for the improvement of the new normative provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe is dominated by two different legal systems: the continental legal system and the common-law legal system. The continental legal system inspired by roman codifications has as main characteristic the reunion of regulations in a single codification that assures the general framework of legal institutions, applicable to citizens. In this system judges must follow the regulations which constitute the primary source of law. The common-law system reunites three independent systems, which function in parallel: common-law, equity and statute-law. Common-law is the oldest source of law in British Law and remains the main part of this legal system. The exponent of the common-law system in Europe is Great Britain. The European legal systems have to be analyzed from the perspective of a potential European Contract Code. The essential elements of a contract are regulated differently in the two legal systems as we will observe in the present analyze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the influence of Roman law on municipal law in Bohemia in the 16th century. Latin legal documents used as sources in the codification of Czech municipal law are discussed, especially their use by Czech monarchs to try to strengthen royal control over towns and cities. The Czech jurist Pavel Kristian of Koldin, author of the Koldin Code, is discussed, as are the contents of the Code, including provisions covering town government, municipal courts, marriage law, inheritance and succession, criminal law, and other topics.

In response to the growing incoherence of European contract law, the Commission is planning to adopt a ‘common frame of reference’ (CFR) in 2009. That CFR will effectively constitute a codification in a substantive sense. As a result, in codified systems such as The Netherlands, there will be a shift from the familiar tension between impressionistic harmonisation and systematic codification to a new tension between the system of the national civil code and the system of the substantive European code. Therefore, once the CFR is adopted by the Commission as a tool for revising the acquis and for drafting new directives, national legislators inspired by the codification ideal will have to reconsider their strategies towards the implementation of directives in the area of private law. Three such strategies are considered here: resistance, segregation and surrender. Each of them has advantages, but also disadvantages. None of them solve the tension between national codification and Europeanisation. It seems unlikely that private law will ever (again) be contained exclusively in one comprehensive code, either on the national or on the European level. The CFR will make a comprehensive national codification increasingly difficult to achieve, whereas a comprehensive European Civil Code that replaces national private law both lacks a legal basis and political support. Therefore, we will have to live with a two- (or multi-) level system of private law. As a result, the Dutch and other national legislators will have to revise their codification ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]