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This paper investigates the low risk anomaly, which suggests that less risky stocks outperform riskier ones. Focusing on the European stock market, the present study examines the influence of coskewness, a measure of asymmetry in stock returns with respect to the market return. Stocks are sorted into 2x5 quintile portfolios based on coskewness and beta volatility. Regression analysis using Fama-French three and five factor models reveals a significant low risk anomaly in the low coskewness category, where less risky portfolios consistently outperform riskier ones. However, as coskewness increases, the low risk anomaly weakens and loses significance. In the high coskewness category, less risky portfolios no longer consistently outperform riskier ones. In other words, accounting for coskewness significantly lowers the profitability of low risk and betting-against-beta strategies in Europe. These findings enhance the understanding of the relationship between risk and returns in the European market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the contagion across European securitised real estate markets during the European sovereign debt crisis by the Forbes–Rigobon test, the coskewness test and the cokurtosis test. The new cokurtosis test is constructed by extending the method of constructing the coskewness test to further higher order moments. The results reveal that the cokurtosis test can show additional channels of contagion of which the other tests fail to show, and hence can provide more information on the direction of contagion, and reflect a more complete picture of the contagion pattern. This study has implications to investors and policy-makers. During a crisis, investors should reallocate their portfolio to reduce their loss. Policy-makers should cooperate with other authorities and act accordingly in order to stabilise the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]