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In 2015, the energy measurement of some static electricity meters was found to be sensitive to specific conducted electromagnetic disturbances with very fast current changes caused by highly nonlinear loads, leading to meter errors up to several hundred percent. This article describes new results on the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of 16 different meters from all over Europe when exposed to real-world disturbance signals. Those test signals were obtained from household appliances and onsite measurements at metered supply points all over Europe. The results show that also the interference signals recorded onsite can cause measurement errors as large as several hundred percent, even for meters that pass the present EMC standards. This unambiguously demonstrates that the present immunity testing standards do not cover the most disturbing conducted interference occurring in present daily-life situations due to the increased use of nonlinear electronics. Furthermore, to enable the adoption of potential new test waveforms in future standards for electricity meter testing, artificial test waveforms were constructed based on real-world waveforms using a piece-wise linear model. These artificial test waveforms were demonstrated to cause meter errors similar to those caused by the original real-life waveforms they are representing, showing that they are suitable candidates for use in improved standardization of electricity meter testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the connection of remote energy sources, HVDC offers higher efficiency and flexibility compared to conventional HVAC. As the acceptance for overhead lines in Europe is often low, the detailed understanding of its environmental effects, such as audible noise is of crucial importance. Still, only few experimental studies have investigated HVDC corona. Recent publications have demonstrated, that existing prediction models for DC audible noise show strong deviations when extrapolated for higher surface gradients. While audible noise is considered negligible in rain, research has shown that the discharge amplitudes increase significantly during transitions from dry to wet weather and vice-versa. In this study, the corona current and audible noise are investigated for a large range of surface gradients and rain rates. A special focus is set on the behavior during rain onset and dry-off. While the corona current increased during rain, the measured audible noise was significantly higher during the transitions before and after the steady state. The duration of these transition periods varied with rain rate and surface gradient. The observed effects are explained using corona pulse patterns and UV data. Compared to these measurements, existing audible noise prediction models were found to overestimate the sensitivity regarding the electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the high altitude EMP (HEMP) activities in European countries between 1970 and 1995. HEMP simulators built in different countries are presented together with measurements performed under them and calculation methods developed in order to simulate the currents or voltages induced by an HEMP in power or telecommunication lines or in other types of circuits. Comparison between calculations and measurements are shown. This paper focuses on this period, which was of historical importance for the hardening of vital military and governmental installations, but which permitted also the development and validation of models to study the electromagnetic effects of lightning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that the recommended flicker planning levels provided in IEC 61000 3-7 and IEEE 1453 are too restrictive for high-voltage and extra-high-voltage networks. The premise of this argument is based on a perceived increase in low-voltage (LV) flicker compatibility level. Some believe that flicker measurements made in Europe over a period of several years support the notion of an increased LV compatibility level; however, measurements performed by the authors in North America indicate otherwise. Analysis of authors' measurements suggests that the lack of customer complaints is due primarily to the effect of flicker transfer coefficients, rather than a presumed increase in LV compatibility level, and supports the continued use of Pst95\%=1.0 as the LV flicker compatibility level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]