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The paper offers insight into the current practice of the passerelle(s), the enhanced cooperation and the flexibility clause, which may serve in the future the implementation of the Commission's White Paper on the Future of Europe (2017) without Treaty revision, in light of recent developments in the policy of the new Commission, Council and European Parliament on the future of EU integration. The ex-ante and ex-post control mechanisms available at Member State level concerning the freedom of their governments to support such European initiatives, are also discussed from a comparative perspective. The paper concludes by presenting the risks associated with the activation of these mechanism of integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a first comprehensive overview of the workings of enhanced cooperation in the European Union (EU). Although this form of secondary law differentiation exists since the Amsterdam Treaty, it has only rarely been used so far. In the article, we formulate a theory of when and why enhanced cooperation is used in EU decision-making. Our theory builds on rationalist institutionalism focussing on institutions, preference constellations and the externality structure of policies. We test the plausibility of our theoretical claims by combining comparative and within-case analyses of nine cases. The empirical findings underline that the usage of enhanced cooperation depends to large degrees on the externality structure of the goods under consideration. The article ends with a short normative evaluation of the enhanced cooperation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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