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The article analyzes the writings of Muslim intellectual travelers from older Islamic lands in Asia visiting so-called western areas such as Great Britain, Germany, and Egypt between 1870 and 1930. It examines their perceptions of the concepts of space and time brought about by travel via steamship and rail, in addition to the development of industrial communication. According to the author, such journeys were transformative events and reshaped formulations of language, history, and geography. The article discusses Europe as a place for the rediscovery of Islam among Muslim travelers.

This essay traces the circulation of the industrial commodities of lithographic presses and stones and compares the uses to which these commodities were put in Iran with other regions at the same time. Using Persian travelogues as sources on scientific exchange, the essay compares Iran's access to lithography with its spread through Europe, Russia and South and Southeast Asia. Using lithography as a gauge of Iran's integration into an industrializing global economy, it compares state-led Iranian attempts to access lithographic commodities with attempts by other regional powers to develop local sources for these 'stones from Bavaria'. After tracing the role of Christian Evangelicalism in the technology's dissemination, the essay finally contextualizes Iranian uses of lithography in global developments in illustrated and newspaper printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]