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Environmental scanning activities of over 400 top management subunits in 108 European manufacturing firms provided the data base for this research. Four traits (constructs) of scanning using three methods (interest, frequency, and time) were examined. A confirmatory factor analysis approach to multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data was employed. Verification of the reliability as well as convergent and discriminant validity of the scanning scales are reported and discussed. The viability of confirmatory factor analysis in providing a precise analysis of partitioning variance according to trait, method, and error is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports regular screening of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in blood serum of men between 55 to 69 years helps in early detection of prostate cancer. It mentions that cancer mortality is reduced only to a certain level by regular screening of PSA but with long term follow up of patients' potential decrease in prostate cancer related death can be targeted. It also refers to minimize various complications that arise during treatment period to further decrease mortality rate.

In 2009, results from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial indicated no difference in mortality between the screening and the control groups (rate ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 0.75 to 1.70), whereas those from the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer trial indicated a 20% reduction in mortality among the screening group (rate ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval = 0.65 to 0.98). In this study, we examined whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has changed following these publications. The primary outcome measure was the proportion of men seen at least once in a primary care or urology clinic between August 1, 2004, and March 31, 2010, who received a PSA test. Following the publications, PSA use declined slightly-by 3.0 percentage points and 2.7 percentage points among men aged 40-54 and 55-74 years, respectively. PSA testing among men older than 75 years initially declined slightly following the recommendations by the US Preventive Services Task Force in 2008 and continued to decline after the trial publications.