Search

The ability of early hominins to overcome the constraints imposed by the characteristics of raw materials used for stone tool production is a key topic on the discussion about the evolution of hominin cognitive capabilities and technical behaviours. Thus, technological variability has been the centrepiece on this debate. However, the variability of lithic assemblages cannot be correctly interpreted without understanding site occupational models and function and considering that individual tools represent specific discard moments in a continuous reduction process. In Europe, the earliest technological record is represented by the scarce and scattered Mode 1 technologies, often deriving from occasional occupations or restricted activity areas yielding unrepresentative assemblages. In this paper, we approach the technological behaviours exhibited by Lower Palaeolithic hominins from the subunit TD6.2 of the Gran Dolina site (Atapuerca, Burgos) by including the perspective of reduction intensity studies on the analysis of technological variability. Gran Dolina TD6.2 is a unique and extremely significant archaeological context, as it represents the oldest multi-layered unit of domestic hominin occupations in the Early Pleistocene of Europe. We use the Volumetric Reconstruction Method (VRM) to estimate the original volume of the blanks and quantify the reduction intensity of each core individually to characterise the reduction distribution patterns using Weibull probability distribution functions. Our results suggest differential raw material management in terms of reduction intensity, according to the characteristics of each lithology. This could reflect a solid understanding of raw material qualities and a certain degree of planning. Altogether, the continuity between knapping strategies through reduction denotes constant adaptation to raw material constraints as well as particular knapping conditions, rather than specific compartmentalised mental schemes. In conclusion, Homo antecessor toolmakers would have been situational knappers whose technological behaviour would be highly adaptive. This research constitutes the first reduction approach for the European Early Pleistocene assemblages that will lead to a referential framework for other European Early Pleistocene sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Prevention of the impact of chemicals on human health and the environment is an increasing focus of public health polices and policy makers. The World Health Organization European Centre for Environment and Health wanted to know what were stakeholders' priorities for improving chemicals management and prevention. Methods Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 18 diverse stakeholders to answer this question. The interview questionnaire was developed using current WHO chemical meeting reports, the Evidence Implementation Model for Public Health Systems and categories of the theory of diffusion. Stakeholder views were attained on three main questions within the questionnaire. (i) What priority actions should be undertaken to minimize the negative impact of chemicals? (ii) Who needs to be more involved and what roles should they have? (iii) How can science and knowledge on chemicals and health be translated into policies more effectively and what are the greatest barriers to overcome? Results Cross cutting issues, such as legislation strengthening and enforcement, further collection of information, capacity building, education and awareness raising were considered priorities. The responders had the same vision on roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders. The greatest barrier to adoption, implementation and enforcement of evidence-based policies reported was leadership and political commitment to chemical safety. Conclusions Priorities raised differed depending on knowledge, professional background and type of stakeholder. Factors influencing priority identification at the national level include international and global context, availability of information, knowledge of the current situation and evidence-based good practice, and risks and priorities identified through national assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on evaluating European aquatic education programs through a comprehensive set of 124 criteria across six domains. Topics include assessing policies, drowning statistics, teaching duration, resource and human management, and the content taught to create an "identity card" for each program, aiming to improve safety and long-term engagement in aquatic activities for children.

Background: In evaluating 3 or more comparators, pharmacoeconomic analyses can be improved by using the methodology of net monetary benefit (NMB) as opposed to incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). NMB is particularly suitable for managing competitive tenders that evaluate 3 or more devices in the same lot. For scientific purposes, the methodology of NMB is perfectly adequate. However, when tenders are managed in European countries, the Public Procurement Directive states that the tender score for price should be kept separate from that of clinical benefits. As a result, the traditional mathematical approach of NMB must be rearranged to comply with this administrative requirement. Methods: In this report, we describe how the classic equations of NMB should be modified to achieve this purpose. The mathematical principle of proportionality, which is typical of the ICER, must be replaced by the principle of mathematical additivity, which is typical of NMB. Furthermore, to rearrange the scale of benefits according to the NMB, an estimate is needed of the minimum acceptable benefit converted into monetary units, which is associated with 0 in the benefit scale. Results: A detailed example is presented to explain the practical application of these mathematical equations. These equations are widely applicable in the field of implantable devices. Conclusion: Since the expenditure for medical devices in European hospitals is close to that of hospital medicines, tenders for the in-hospital procurement of devices may represent a decisive tool to manage sustainability and ensure access to innovation. In this context, the methodology for managing clinical outcomes through tenders requires a specific mathematical approach that we have described in the present article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunel is the property of Ceska Tunelarska Asociace ITA-AITES, z.s and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The war in Ukraine has brought the challenges stemming from Europe's dependency on natural gas and oil imports into sharp focus. This has also highlighted another dependency – that on raw materials that are critical for the EU's transition to a low-carbon economy. A strategic approach to raw material management can help negate the risks posed by a dependency on imports of critical raw materials. Improving resource efficiency is also necessary to achieve a low-carbon economy and sustain socio-economic progress in the face of finite natural resources. This Forum highlights the progress currently being made in geopolitical, economic and environmental areas and looks at the main constraints to the circular economy agenda where targeted solutions are needed. What is currently being done to decouple material consumption from welfare creation and use resources more efficiently? To what extent can recycling prolong the use of natural resources? Which measures can transform current business models into circular business models? How can technology and digitalisation be used to improve resource efficiency while minimising environmental burdens? Can knowledge transfer be used in addressing the complexity of the transition to a circular economy? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the European Union (EU) Commission Communication promoting international academic cooperation amid geopolitical tension and polarization in 2021. The commission acknowledged the need to cooperate to improve research and innovation value chains in the document. It explains the implication of the reference to European values in the Communication. Also mentioned are the use of ambiguous terms in the document such as open strategic autonomy and rules-based cooperation.

The authors comment on the threat of longer term food insecurity in the European Union (EU) amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Topics discussed include estimated number of European households that were tipped into food insecurity in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in 2008, two interlinked threats to food security, and medium-term challenge arising from how many people's food habits have evolved during the pandemic.

The article examines the implications for business logistics from the unification of the Single European Market and the European Community (EC), from a German perspective. It presents the reason regarding why these issues are of importance to logistics planners dealing with European markets. The advent of the European Community and the Single European Market are of particular importance to logistics planners dealing with European markets. The older perspectives of individual national markets and even the European Economic Community are giving way to one of a single homogeneous market, similar in some ways to the market presented by the United States to Europe. As competition intensifies, rates for low-level services on heavy traffic routes with extensive cabotage are rejected to decline. However, rates for high-level services will increase. In both cases, carriers must be aware of their costs if they are to survive. At the same time, they must focus on marketing to their strengths.

Logistics managers in Europe have started examining the possibilities of forming logistics alliances, more commonly known as third party logistics. European business environment is experiencing major changes. The process of integration in Europe, the GATT agreements, the developments in Eastern Europe, and above all, global competition are pushing European businesses to become more competitive. One area that is receiving increasing attention of managers is logistics. The gradual deregulation of the transport marketplace and the lifting of border controls have added to the efforts to become more efficient in logistics. Europe is undergoing radical changes. As a result, business norms and practices are also changing. In an integrated European Union without border controls and somewhat free transport marketplace, firms are increasingly using logistics as a competitive weapon. Third party logistics and more comprehensive logistics alliances have proved to be effective strategies for logistics managers. Sociologists studied a few companies in depth and all have been outsourcing or providing logistics services successfully for a number of years.

The Atapuerca localities present evidence of a long series of hominin occupations from the Early Pleistocene onward and are a key site for understanding the continuity and discontinuity of Western European technological and settlement dynamics. The TD10 unit from Gran Dolina is located in the upper part of the sequence and divided into four lithostratigraphic subunits (TD10.4 to TD10.1, from bottom to top) dated between ca. 450 ka and ca. 250 ka (Marine Isotope Stage 11 to Marine Isotope Stage 8). The technological analysis of the lithic assemblages belonging to the TD10.1 sequence aims to determine the trends among its archeological levels and check its relation to late Middle Pleistocene technological evolution and site functionality. Archeostratigraphic studies have identified several occupation events within its approximately 1.5 m of thickness, whose artifact densities and occupational models differ. However, no remarkable technical differences have been observed among them. Lithic assemblages from those events show more evolved features than other Atapuerca Mode 2 assemblages. These changes are reflected in the selective raw material management strategies; more hierarchized and predetermined reduction methods; and the progressive decrease of large cutting tools in the lithic assemblages with respect to flake tools, the latter defined by a greater typological diversification. These technological changes did not lead to a clear break with respect to previous technological models and were accompanied by other sporadic but significant changes in subsistence and behavioral strategies (bone tools and retouchers; lithic recycling, and so on), which were consolidated during the Middle Paleolithic. Hence, the archeological record from the TD10.1 subunit of Gran Dolina reflects a local stratigraphic transition from Mode 2 to Mode 3 technocomplexes, paralleling that observed in other sites in southwestern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]