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Background and purpose: Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are rare diseases for which diagnosis is challenging, and management and training programs are not well defined in Europe. To capture and assess care needs, five different European Reference Networks have conducted an exploratory survey. Methods: The survey covering multiple topics relating to PMDs was sent to all ERNs healthcare providers (HCPs) in Europe. Results: We have collected answers from 220 members based in 24/27 European member states and seven non-European member states. Even though most of the responders are aware of neurogenetic diseases, difficulties arise in the ability to deliver comprehensive genetic testing. While single gene analysis is widely available in Europe, whole exome and genome sequencing are not easily accessible, with considerable variation between countries and average waiting time for results frequently above 6 months. Only 12.7% of responders were happy with the ICD-10 codes for classifying patients with PMDs discharged from the hospital, and more than 70% of them consider that PMDs deserve specific ICD codes to improve clinical management, including tailored healthcare, and for reimbursement reasons. Finally, 90% of responders declared that there is a need for further education and training in these diseases. Conclusions: This survey provides information on the current difficulties in the care of PMDs in Europe. We believe that the results of this survey are important to help rare disease stakeholders in European countries identify key care and research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Seven thousand rare diseases have been identified; most of them are of genetic origin. The diagnosis of a neurogenetic disease is difficult, and management and training programs are not well defined through Europe. To capture and assess care needs, the Neurogenetics Panel of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) has performed an explorative survey. Methods: The survey covering multiple topics of neurogenetics was sent to all neurologists and neuropediatricians affiliated with the EAN practicing in Europe. Results: We collected answers from 239 members based in 40 European member states. Even though most of the responders were aware of neurogenetic diseases, when we came to amenability of carrying out a complete genetic diagnosis, almost one‐third of the responders declared they were not happy with the current way of ordering genetic analyses in their countries. Furthermore, although single‐gene analysis is diffusely present in Europe, whole exome and genome sequencing are not easily accessible, with considerable variabilities among countries. Almost 10% of the responders did not know if presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis was available in their countries, and 47.3% were not aware of which newborn screening programs were available. Finally, 96.3% of responders declared that there is a need for education and training in neurogenetics. Conclusions: We believe that this survey may be of importance for all European stakeholders in neurogenetics in identifying key priorities, targeting areas to encourage education/travel fellowships, and educational seminars in the future, because this area will only accelerate, and diagnostic requirements will expand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Education is the most important part of medical-science training. Assessment of training programmes and examination of trainees'' skills are necessary to guarantee that trainees develop competence. Training programmes vary between and within countries. The impending integration of the medical-job market among European countries highlights the need for people training to be specialists to achieve a certain standard. Here, we review the neurological training programmes in Europe, principally those in Italy, and discuss the standardisation of the training of residents in Italy and the quality control of current residency training, or its absence, in Europe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Among the 140 Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene mutations associated with ALS, only D90A, the most prevalent mutation in Europe, has been clearly shown to cause recessive and dominant ALS. Here we first describe two, apparently sporadic, Italian ALS patients heterozygous for the D90A mutation. One patient experienced early sensory involvement, confirmed by nerve biopsy. We review sensory symptoms in SOD1 ALS and discuss its possible origin in D90A heterozygous patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]