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Twentieth-century work in colonial theory emphatically rejected the nineteenth-century linear model of colonialism as a process in which societies were subjected to a civilizing influence by the superior European culture. The first replacement models arose with decolonization and were often driven by the experiences of the colonized themselves. The present study addresses and/or circumvents problems of colonized. The confluence of geography, history, human agency, and scientific opportunism has made Gibraltar an unusually rich venue for the study of colonialism.