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While a good deal has been written about the contacts between British and continental reformers in 1848 and afterwards, the same cannot be said of the 1820s and 1830s. This article will investigate the involvement in European affairs of Thomas Perronet Thompson and John Bowring, two of the closest colleagues of the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham. This article has three main purposes: first, to establish the relevance to British radicalism of a European perspective, using Thompson and Bowring as exemplars who can be taken to represent one of the most important strands in the British radicalism of their day; secondly, to improve our understanding of reform agitation and ideologies in early nineteenth-century Britain and Europe; and, thirdly, in view of the customary focus of historians on 1848 and after, to begin to redress this imbalance in the historiography by drawing attention to the 1820s and 1830s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Epidemiological studies have previously reported that maternal socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with adverse feto-maternal outcomes. However, little attention has been paid to the question of the woman's employment status. The aim of this observational study was to examine the relationship between maternal employment status at the first antenatal visit and pregnancy outcomes.Study Design: The study was confined to women with a singleton pregnancy who attended for maternity care between the years 2010 and 2017 and delivered a baby weighing ≥500 g. Self-reported sociodemographic and clinical details were recorded at the first antenatal visit by a trained midwife and updated before hospital discharge. The hospital is one of the largest in Europe and accepts women from all socioeconomic groups, including women in the public system and those with private health insurance, across the rural-urban spectrum.Results: Of the 62,395 women, the mean age was 31.5 years (SD 5.4), 39.3% were nulliparas and 70.7% were Irish born. Compared with the 45,028 (72.2%) women who reported as being in paid employment, the 4984 (8.0%) women who were unemployed had a higher rate of stillbirth (8/4984 vs. 27/45,028, p = 0.005) and homemakers had a higher incidence of neonatal death (31/12,383 vs. 73/45,028, p = 0.02). On multivariable analysis, women who were unemployed or homemakers had increased adjusted odds ratios for neonatal unit (NNU) admissions, preterm birth, low birth weight, and small-for-gestational-age. Compared to women in paid employment, women who were unemployed or homemakers were associated with younger age (<30 years) in pregnancy, multiparity, unplanned pregnancy, no or postconceptional only folic acid supplementation, anxiolytic/antidepressant use, as well as persistent smoking and illicit drug use during pregnancy.Conclusions: In a high-income European country, women who reported as unemployed or homemakers were associated with higher rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, these women were associated with suboptimal lifestyle behaviours such as smoking and illicit drug use in early pregnancy. This highlights the need for long term public policies on female unemployment and retaining women with children in employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]