14,404 results
Search Results
152. THE EFFECT OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE ON GDP IN EU COUNTRIES.
- Author
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GORDIENKO, Ludmila, PASICHNYK, Yurii, and SMAKOVSKAYA, Yuliya
- Subjects
EDUCATION ,MEDICAL care ,GROSS domestic product ,FINANCE - Abstract
The paper analyses the peculiarities of public expenditure on education and health care in eight EU countries grouped by population. Trends in the outcomes are revealed. Applying correlation and regression analysis to Eurostat data, the significance of influence of these expenditure on GDP during 2011-2019 is determined. It is established that health care expenditure have a positive effect in all countries, while education expenditure have not had a significant impact on economic development in some countries. These expenditure are proven to have a varying influence on GDP depending on budget capacity of any given country, government priorities, effectiveness of use and support for dynamic financing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
153. Does Financial Development, Globalisation and Institutional Quality Drive the Income Convergence in the Central and Eastern European Union Countries?
- Author
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Neagu, Olimpia, Porumbăcean, Teodora, and Anghelina, Andrei Marius
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,ECONOMIC development ,GLOBALIZATION ,GROSS domestic product - Abstract
Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are struggling with internal and external macroeconomic and social factors in their catching-up strategies to be closer, as economic wealth, to the Western developed European countries. In these ex-communist countries, institutional factors could be seen as critical for success in narrowing the income gap. The paper proposes an analysis of the impact of economic and financial development and globalization on the income gap in 11 Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia) for the period of 1996 to 2019, taking into consideration institutional factors. The study analyses the variables: transition coefficient as a proxy for income gap, GDP per capita, KOF Financial Globalisation Index, Financial Development Index and World Bank Institutional Indicators in a panel approach methodology and estimation of FMOLS and DOLS equations. The paper's findings show that all considered factors have a significant contribution to the income gap in the examined period of time. Economic and financial development, as well as institutional quality, is positively associated with the closing income gap, while globalization has a negative influence. It is also revealed the direction of the causality relationship between the considered variables: from economic and financial development, globalization and institutional quality to the income gap. These findings suggest some policy recommendations in support of the continuation of the European integration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
154. "GDPR" IMPACT ON HEALTH DATA EXCHANGE IN EUROPEAN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT.
- Author
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Paola Aurucci, Eleonora Ciceri, Mariet Nouri Janian, Andrea Micheletti, and Alberto Sanna
- Subjects
DATA protection ,INTERNET marketing ,SOCIAL impact assessment ,BIOMETRIC identification ,CLOUD computing - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide practical guidance to ensure compliance of the SHiELD project with the General Data Protection Regulation (EU), 2016/679 also known as "GDPR". The SHiELD project is a H2020 project whose objective is to support the lawful exchange of clinical information across Europe and is built upon the epSOS project. GDPR remains in the path defined in 1995 and does not change the main elements of the model provided by the Directive. Notice and consent remain an important legal ground for the processing of sensitive data, this is why a two-steps-consent by the data subject to the transfer and processing of health data should be envisaged by the project. However, compared to the Directive 95/46/EC, the GDPR imposes stricter security obligations on data processors and controllers. This new Regulation simultaneously broadens the relevance of the risk - as it is explicitly based on the notion of risk/based approach - and a detailed Data Protection Impact Assessment must be undertaken and documented prior the project is implemented. In line with the new accountability principle, processors and controllers should also be able to demonstrate compliance with the GDPR. This paper, in the conclusions, also underlines that SHiELD project full compliance to the Regulation could be assessed only when all Member States have revised or adapted their legislation in order to comply with the GDPR end to exploit their discretional power, delegated to them by the EU legislator on specific subjects, like processing of genetic, biometric or health data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
155. What Is the Real Seasonality of the European Union Tourism?
- Author
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Radić, Mijana Matošević
- Subjects
TOURISM ,SEASONALITY of tourism ,ECONOMIC development ,COEFFICIENTS (Statistics) ,INTERNATIONAL tourism - Abstract
Seasonality is identified as one of the most visible characteristics of modern tourism. Although the seasonality of tourism demand is studied from many aspects, this paper tries to contribute to the recognition of two basic causes of seasonality: natural and institutional. The aim of the paper is to analyze the seasonality by excluding as far as possible the impact of the institutional causes of seasonality, which decision makers can only partially influence. In an effort to separate the effect of institutional causes of seasonality during seasonality measurement, a corrected coefficient of seasonal variation has been constructed. The analysis is carried out on a sample of the member states of the European Union and the results show that the five Mediterranean countries which tourism faces the most evident seasonality have the strongest seasonality, regardless of the cause of seasonality. On the other hand, Spain and Portugal have a relatively small impact on the institutional causes of seasonal variations in tourism demand, while Malta and Cyprus have for the European tourism an atypical seasonal pattern, so the difference in the value of their coefficients is negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
156. A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN AND THE AMERICAN APPROACHES TO PRIVACY.
- Author
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Buresh, Donald L.
- Subjects
PRIVACY ,GENERAL Data Protection Regulation, 2016 ,RIGHT of privacy - Abstract
This paper compares the European and the American approach to privacy. The essay argues that the European approach to privacy is rights-based, whereas the American tactic is expectation-based. The article discusses the European Union General Data Protection Regulation, as well as the newly-adopted California Consumer Privacy Act. The paper contends that the latter is an American response to the former. The paper concludes that if individuals prefer strict protection of their privacy rights, then the General Data Protection Regulation is the appropriate model. Otherwise, a reasonable expectation of privacy is sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
157. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS REGARDING GOOD GOVERNANCE.
- Author
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ŞARAMET, Oana
- Subjects
PUBLIC administration ,POLITICIAN attitudes ,PUBLIC sector ,RULE of law ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Today's politicians, especially those who hold public offices, by the exercise of their duties, aim to govern on a local or regional level. Also, most of them, even if not all, claim that, the measures and policies they promote provide the citizens with good governance, on a state level, but also in regard to national/international structures. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the concept of "governance" and especially "good governance" by analyzing the opinions of doctrine; we will also analyze the similarities between "good governance" and "good administration" in the modern times, as well as the modern meaning of the term "good governance". We also wish to research if the concept of "good governance" is specific to politics and the public sector or if it is involved in other areas of activity, specific to every domain. On the other hand, we aim to analyze if the concept of "good governance" and that of "state of law" are intertwined in any way or if they are two independent concepts which identify different aspects of the modern state and the activity within a state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
158. COLLECTIVE RIGHTS IN THE LABOUR LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.
- Author
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BOGONI, Milena
- Subjects
LABOR laws ,GROUP rights ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,CIVIL rights ,SOCIAL & economic rights - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to suggest a reflection on the European model of industrial relations, which is understood as the (possible-and it is still in its consolidation phase-) configuration of a supranational dimension of industrial relations. Starting by introducing the fundamental elements of the legal, political, economic and social integration that characterize the European project, this paper continues reflecting on the dimensional complexity that exists at the moment that the European Union's social law is analysed as a space for the recognition and development of fundamental social rights, especially of those of a collective nature. The rights to freedom of association, collective autonomy, strike and collective bargaining find a particular development in the peculiar community dimension that is worth being analysed. In the absence of a constitutional framework similar to those existing in the national legal systems of member States, the recognition and development of these fundamental rights acquire particularly interesting specific characteristics which make it possible to imagine a European model of industrial relations, even though its most critical and problematic aspects. This model, which is in constant evolution and dialectic (and sometimes confrontation) with the different national models of industrial relations, achieves a very encouraging expressive level in the development of different kinds of autonomous and free collective bargaining, which constitute -particularly in a transnational dimension- the ultimate boundary of the collective autonomy that is regulated in regional terms. Therefore, this paper seeks to open a window to the European Union and thus contribute to a global discussion on the internationalization of industrial relations and the structure of fundamental social rights in supranational terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
159. Social Justice in EU Financial Consumer Law.
- Author
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Fejős, Andrea
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union law ,SOCIAL justice ,CONSUMER law ,EQUALITY ,INSURANCE - Abstract
This paper considers how social justice influences EU financial consumer law. It provides a new way of looking at social justice in consumer law by showing that equality of status based social justice has increasingly come to the fore in modern EU financial consumer law. This emergent and complex set of private and regulatory rules on credit, insurance, investment and payment products has responded to the consequences of inequality between financial firms and consumers by engaging in product and rights regulation that balances the parties' rights and duties and protects consumers from the consequences of status-based inequality. Looking forward the paper recommends that this social justice approach must be made transparent and become an express part of EU law and policy, both in order to raise consumer trust in the internal market and to more clearly set the future law and policy agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
160. Heterogeneous effects of competitiveness shocks on macroeconomic performance across euro area countries.
- Author
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Staehr, Karsten and Vermeulen, Robert
- Subjects
ECONOMIC shock ,ECONOMIC competition ,MACROECONOMICS ,GROSS domestic product ,CREDIT ,LABOR costs ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
This paper considers how competitiveness impacts macroeconomic performance in 11 euro area countries. VAR models are estimated for the individual countries using quarterly data from 1995Q4 to 2013Q4. Besides unit labour costs as a competitiveness measure, the models include GDP, the current account balance and domestic credit. The empirical analyses show that changes in unit labour costs help explain GDP dynamics in the short and medium term in most countries, whereas they have little explanatory power for the current account balance or domestic credit for most countries. Overall, the effects of the unit labour costs vary substantially across the countries in the euro area. The heterogeneity suggests that policy measures aiming to improve economic growth, correct current account imbalances and ensure financial stability need to take country‐specific features into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
161. Recognition of UK Insolvency Proceedings Post‐Brexit: The Impact of a 'No Deal' Scenario.
- Author
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Umfreville, Chris, Omar, Paul, Lücke, Heike, Fannon, Irene Lynch, Veder, Michael, and Carballo Piñeiro, Laura
- Subjects
BREXIT Referendum, 2016 ,BANKRUPTCY reform laws ,BANKRUPTCY ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This paper examines the impact of a 'no deal' or 'hard' Brexit on the recognition of insolvency proceedings commenced in the UK by the remaining Member States of the European Union (EU) post‐Brexit. The paper considers the framework currently implemented by the Recast European Insolvency Regulation and the possible approaches when it will cease to apply to proceedings commenced post‐Brexit. The paper identifies that there will be no overarching framework in the event that 'no deal' is reached between the UK and the EU for post‐Brexit arrangements, resulting in reliance on individual Member States' domestic laws to determine recognition of insolvency proceedings commenced in the UK. The paper sets out the contrasting approaches of five of the UK's key trading partners in the EU: France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain. The paper concludes that UK insolvency proceedings will not be recognised in a consistent manner in these Member States, which will be detrimental to stakeholders in, and ultimately the economies of, the UK and these Member States. In doing so, the paper underlines the importance of an agreement being reached between the UK and the EU on the recognition of cross‐border insolvency proceedings for the benefit of all parties. Copyright © 2018 The Authors International Insolvency Review published by INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
162. Regulation for health inequalities and non‐communicable diseases: In want of (effective) behavioural insights.
- Author
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Gokani, Nikhil
- Subjects
NON-communicable diseases ,HEALTH equity ,HEALTH & social status ,CONSUMER law ,CONSUMER education ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
The death and disease burden of non‐communicable diseases falls disproportionately on members of lower socioeconomic groups. This paper explores NCD prevention measures introduced through EU consumer law in order to assess the impact these have had on health inequalities. It demonstrates that these interventions often have limited impact, and therefore maintain inequalities. Indeed, when interventions do work, they tend to be more effective with advantaged citizens than disadvantaged citizens, and therefore increase inequalities. From a behavioural research perspective, this paper demonstrates why these interventions – which focus on regulating the consumer information environment – have failed to reduce health inequalities, and analyses the debate on the extent to which behavioural research should act as a core consideration in public health related consumer policy. The paper concludes that, while regulating consumer information is a useful tool for NCD prevention, if information‐based interventions are to reduce health inequalities the EU will need to incorporate greater insights from the way consumers actually behave. Moreover, there are limitations to policies which regulate information, and therefore the EU should make more use of other tools in its regulatory toolbox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
163. A Europe of ‘Petites Europes’: an evolutionary perspective on transnational cooperation on spatial planning*.
- Author
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Dühr, Stefanie
- Subjects
INTERREGIONALISM ,HISTORICAL institutionalism (Sociology) ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Using a historical-institutionalist framework, this paper discusses the emergence and evolution of transnational cooperation initiatives in post-war Europe. A number of critical junctures can be identified at which different goals and approaches were introduced. Due to the path-dependent nature of institutional arrangements, this has resulted in increasingly fuzzy rationales and contradictory objectives for transnational regions in Europe today. The paper concludes with a reflection on the value of historical institutionalism to identify the malleability of such complex policy concepts and the key challenges that transnational regions are facing due to unresolved tensions in their policy design and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
164. The European Union external competencies and maritime industry.
- Author
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ALAVI, Hamed
- Subjects
MARITIME shipping ,MARITIME law ,MARINE resources conservation ,ECONOMIC policy ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Maritime industry has deep roots in Europe. International ports and Inland water ways are in use by European merchants in the course of their trade all along the history. Formation of the European Union and Single European Market has increased the importance of maritime transport even more than before. Currently, industry is regulated at the Union level with body of law which intends to create a safe and predictable business environment for European and foreign enterprises. However, shared nature of the EU with her Member States in regulating Maritime Transport has created a big question mark for many external parties as well as European stack holders of Maritime industry. The question is who can represent EU maritime industry externally and where to draw the limits of Union and Member States Competencies in this industry? At the midst of the second decade of 21th Century, still many international businesses and even foreign governments wonder about limits of external competencies of the EU in maritime industry. Such confusion creates trouble for foreigners and even Europeans in determining where should they referee their matters to the Commission and where should they approach Member States? In this paper, author tries to answer above mentioned question by scrutinizing external and internal challenges facing the EU about its competencies to represent maritime industries outside of her boundaries. Paper is divided into five main sections. After introductory comments, second part will discuss maritime policy and its regulation in the EU. In third part with particular focus on the EU-IMO relations, paper will analyse external challenges facing the Union in representing her maritime industry in international organizations. Forth part will take a look at internal challenges and regulatory limits which affect the extremal representation of maritime industry by the Union. Final part is dedicated to concluding remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
165. The right to appeal on contested procedure under the Republic of Kosovo legislation.
- Author
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QEHAJA, Rrustem and AJETI, Arbnor
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Convention on Human Rights ,COURTS ,HUMAN rights ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The right to appeal as one of the fundamental human rights is foreseen by international legal acts and domestic legislation. In this scientific paper we have handled the right to appeal under article 6 (1) of the European Convention on Human Rights and Kosovo legislation, with special emphasis on contested procedure by including the appeal against judgment and the appeal against ruling, the grounds of appeal against judgment and limitation of appeal grounds against several judgments. All those abovementioned matters are the main object of review in this scientific paper. Handling the right to appeal against the first instance court judgment is important also due to the fact that in Kosovo according to the new Law on Courts as a competent court to review and decide on appeal submitted by the appellant is the Court of Appeals as a second instance court. In this scientific paper we have used normative, deductive, descriptive methods. At the end of this scientific paper there are conclusions in relation of the right to appeal with special emphasis on contested procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
166. Cross-Border Insurance Groups: Towards a Comprehensive Supervision Under Solvency II*.
- Author
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Marano, Pierpaolo and Siri, Michele
- Subjects
INSURANCE companies ,SUPERVISORS ,COOPERATION ,TASK performance ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) - Abstract
This paper explores the Solvency II standards for EU supervision of insurance groups operating across borders as detailed by the guidelines issued by EIOPA. The EU legislator has preferred to reinforce the tool of the colleges of supervisors, which are multilateral platforms where national supervisors involved in the supervision of a single insurance group cooperate, instead of opting for a single EU supervisor. The paper analyses cooperation between supervisory authorities in the context of the colleges in order to clarify the fields covered by the colleges as well as those that are not. In this respect, the paper argues for including in the mandate of the colleges the task of defining and implementing a common principle of group interest to administer the governance system of cross-border insurance groups, and to extend the supervision of colleges to the distribution of insurance products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
167. Risk Assessments and Risk Premiums in the Eurodollar Market.
- Author
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FEDER, GERSHON and ROSS, KNUD
- Subjects
EUROCURRENCY market ,CREDIT ,PRICING ,INTEREST rates ,GOVERNMENT lending ,LOANS ,EUROMARKETS ,RISK assessment ,INTERNATIONAL finance - Abstract
Increasing awareness of the potential risks involved in lending to heavily indebted governments focuses attention on credit pricing in the Eurodollar market. This paper utilizes a recent survey of country-by-country risk assessments as perceived by lenders to show that a systematic relationship exists between these assessments and interest rates in the Euromarket. The relationship is derived from an underlying model described in the paper. The estimated parameters verify a number of hypotheses, providing insights on the loss rates lenders expect to incur in case of default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
168. Crisis and Citizens’ Trust in the European Central Bank — Panel Data Evidence for the Euro Area, 1999–2012.
- Author
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Roth, Felix, Gros, Daniel, and Nowak-Lehmann D., Felicitas
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union politics & government ,EUROPEAN Sovereign Debt Crisis, 2009-2018 ,POLITICAL trust (in government) ,PUBLIC opinion ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,EUROZONE economic policy ,PANEL analysis - Abstract
Throughout the crisis, citizens’ trust in the European Central Bank has significantly declined throughout the Euro area (EA-12). Although a decline in the core countries of the EA-12 has been distinct, a more pronounced decline has been taking place in the peripheral countries of the EA-12. Taking panel data and using a fixed effects DFGLS estimation for an EA-12 country sample over the time period of 1999–2012 with a total of 305 observations, this paper detects a negative and significant relationship between unemployment and trust in times of crisis. The robustness analysis of the paper confirms that this decrease in trust is strongly driven by the significant increase in unemployment rates in the four peripheral countries Spain, Ireland, Greece and Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
169. Real Exchange Rates Behavior in Selected EU Member States: Assessment of the Financial Crisis Effect.
- Author
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Stavárek, Daniel
- Subjects
FINANCIAL crises ,FOREIGN exchange rates ,MACROECONOMICS ,ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
The real exchange rate is one of the crucial macroeconomic variables for all open economies. Therefore, analysis of its evolution as well as volatility and behavior of its components (nominal exchange rate and relative prices) is of critical importance for both the economic theory and economic policy. In this paper, we focus on the interaction among the component variables of the real exchange rate. The main objective of this paper is evaluate how the relative prices affect the exchange rate. We calculate volatility measure and apply the Granger causality test, variance decomposition and impulse-response function in the Vector Auto Regression model for six selected non-euro EU member states (Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom). The calculations are conducted for two periods distinguished as the pre-crisis period and the post-crisis period. The results differ substantially between the periods and provide evidence that the relative prices play more important role in explaining the exchange rate behavior in the post-crisis period than before its origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
170. EUROPEAN DESIGN TRENDS.
- Subjects
RETAIL industry ,SUPERMARKETS ,ELECTRONIC paper ,EXHIBITIONS - Abstract
Information on topics discussed at the Euroshop retail trade fair held in Germany in 2014 is presented which include increase in popularity of ice beds in the European supermarkets, increase in popularity of electronic-paper and increase in trend of colour zoning.
- Published
- 2014
171. Sicovam, Euroclear make same-day cross-border deal.
- Author
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Kentouris, Chris
- Subjects
FINANCIAL services industry ,NEGOTIABLE instruments ,COMMERCIAL paper issues - Abstract
Confirms the completion of a cross-border commercial paper transaction between Euroclear and Sicovam. Use of both companies' real-time processing systems in completing the terms of the deal; Significance of both companies' real-time settlement systems in processing commercial papers on a daily basis; Impact of the European Monetary Union on commercial paper issuance in Europe.
- Published
- 1999
172. Overcoming Judicial Supremacy through Constitutional Amendment: Some Critical Reflections.
- Subjects
JUDICIAL supremacy ,JUDICIAL power ,LEGISLATION ,CONSTITUTIONAL amendments - Abstract
This paper critically examines the proposal to overcome the judicial definition of fundamental rights by using constitutional amendment procedures. Authors known as "political constitutionalists" have advocated weak‐form judicial review as an alternative to the constitutional practice currently prevailing in liberal democracies. The proposal under consideration here seeks to achieve this alternative by making constitutional amendment as easy as possible, i.e., through minimal constitutional rigidity. The discussion begins by questioning the idea of adopting institutional design as a suitable criterion for rating a judicial review system as "strong" or "weak." Then the alleged relevance of constitutional amendment in the specification of constitutional rights is called into question. Lastly, the paper reaches a double conclusion. On the one hand, minimal constitutional rigidity is not an alternative to prevailing constitutional practice, but a more collaborative version of the same practice; on the other hand, minimal constitutional rigidity only represents a genuine alternative design when it is part of a model ("strong popular sovereignty") aimed at overcoming the current constitutionalist paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
173. Defining "Crisis" in Migration Governance: a Critical Legal Mapping of EU Crisis Response Mechanisms.
- Author
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Campesi, Giuseppe
- Subjects
- *
EMIGRATION & immigration , *RIGHT of asylum , *IMMIGRATION law , *EMERGENCY management - Abstract
Over the past ten years, the language of crisis has become increasingly common in discourse about migration governance at the European Union (EU) level, and policy responses have been oriented by an emergency rationale that prioritizes short-term solutions over long-term planning. EU migration and asylum law incorporates several crisis response mechanisms, and the addition of a new set of instruments has recently been proposed. This paper offers a critical legal mapping of what counts as a "crisis" in EU migration and asylum law, and the mechanisms for responding to such crises. It exemplifies a complex system in which the tension between the imperative to address threats purportedly arising from unwanted migration is intricately intertwined with the necessity of granting Member States flexibility to respond to contingencies without compromising the integrity of the common EU asylum and migration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
174. Innovation activities in the service sector across EU states: Similarities or differences?
- Author
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Decyk, Kamil
- Subjects
SERVICE industries ,HOMOGENEITY ,INNOVATION adoption ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
Until 2005, service sector innovation had been a far less popular area of scholarly interest than studies on the industrial sector, the publication in 2005 of the methodological guidelines known as the Oslo Manual, in which it was noted that in addition to technological advancements in the economy, non-technological innovations might also be pursued in economic practice. Since then, although the popularity and dynamics of dedicated research have successively increased, this field of inquiry has not yet been sufficiently explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and assess the degree of homogeneity among EU countries in terms of innovation activity in the service sector. The hypothesis adopted for this study stated that there are countries within the EU that can be divided into clusters with respect to service sector innovation activity. Bearing in mind the objective and seeking to verify the hypothesis, this research used a critical review of literature, indicatororiented analysis as well as quantitative statistical methods, among others, while relying on the most up-to-date data from the Eurostat database on innovation activity (as of 5.07.2022). The objective was accomplished using fifteen indicators which describe the effects of innovation activity, which were classified into four groups: innovation activity, types of implemented innovations, types of product innovation, and types of business process innovation. The research proceeded in three stages: identification of groups (clusters) in the area of the surveyed European countries which demonstrated the homogeneity of analysed indicators using Ward's agglomerative clustering method; identification of significant differences between the defined groups for each indicator carried out, using Student's ttest; an assessment of the degree of homogeneity in the scope of the surveyed EU countries with respect to innovation activity in the service sector by means of the methods outlined above. On the basis of the conducted investigations and the adopted methodology, it may be concluded, first, that the service sectors of the surveyed EU countries can be divided into three homogeneous groups in terms of innovation activity. Second, the similarity within each group was confirmed by Levene's test, the results of which demonstrated homogeneity of variance for thirteen out of the fifteen analysed indicators. Thirdly, statistical analysis of the findings made it possible to identify significant differences between the defined groups of countries, with the exception of country clusters I and II with respect to three product innovation indicators, as well as country groups II and III relative to three business process innovation indicators, where no significant differences occurred. The conclusions from the study warrant confirmation of the baseline hypothesis, which assumed that the surveyed EU countries could be divided into clusters in terms of service sector innovation activity. The research and the analyses indicated that a homogeneous division of the surveyed EU countries into individual groups in terms of innovative activities in the service sector might offer a point of departure for further, in-depth analysis of the issues addressed in the study. Some of the compelling directions for future investigations include the determination of homogeneity and differences across the industries of the sector in question, as well as the creation of a ranking of countries in line with the analysed indicators. Approaching the issue in this manner will enable a detailed assessment of the innovation activity in the service sector and its internal structures, as well as provide grounds for validating the cluster division presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
175. Has the relationship between the real exchange rate and its fundamentals changed over time?
- Author
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Cuestas, Juan Carlos, Monfort, Mercedes, and Shimbov, Bojan
- Subjects
FOREIGN exchange rates - Abstract
In this paper we contribute to the literature on determining the real exchange rate by using models that incorporate structural breaks and nonlinearities. We estimate cointegrated dynamic ordinary least squares regressions and quantile regressions. We find that the estimated coefficients for the EU members from central and eastern Europe are different to those for the other member states. We also find that the models are different before and after the crisis that started in 2008, and this affects the outcome of the long-run equations for the EU15 + Cyprus and Malta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
176. Revisiting crisis generators in Romania and other new EU member states.
- Author
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Voinea, Liviu
- Subjects
GLOBAL Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ,ECONOMIC policy ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,RECESSIONS ,ROMANIAN economic policy - Abstract
This article argues that the causes of the crisis in Romania and other new EU member states were different from those affecting Western Europe or the US. The main argument of this paper is that bad domestic monetary, fiscal and regulatory policies were the real crisis generators, while exogenous crisis mechanisms, including contagion from the global financial crisis, were just the trigger. Romania, and other new EU member states, has been facing the crisis of a consumption-led development model, not just a financial crisis imported from more developed economies. This paper brings insights into the impact of the flat-tax regime on consumption and the impact of speculative capital inflows disguised as foreign direct investments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
177. Transmitting Environmentalism? The Unintended Global Consequences of European Union Environmental Policies.
- Author
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Dudek, Carolyn M.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises & the environment ,ENVIRONMENTALISM -- Social aspects ,ENVIRONMENTAL regulations ,ENVIRONMENTAL law ,INDUSTRY & the environment - Abstract
Will European companies investing abroad be transmitters of EU environmental policies or environmental dumpers? This article utilizes a most-differentcases approach to analyze transnational corporation (TNC) behavior in countries with less stringent environmental standards. Drawing on rational institutionalism, the article examines two significant European business investments in Mercosur countries: paper pulp mills in Uruguay and fishing off the coast of Argentina. These cases demonstrate that EU environmental standards will be diffused beyond Europe's borders if significant fixed assets are involved, high levels of public awareness and action in response to environmental degradation are possible, and if the environmental policy of an industry is successfully implemented in Europe. Paper pulp milling in Uruguay fulfilled these conditions and TNCs, in this case applied EU standards. This was not so with TNC fishing practices in Argentina. Also, with high citizen attention, local companies will adopt similar environmental practices to those of their European counterparts, improving environmental practices even without domestic government regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
178. Science in Society in Europe.
- Author
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Mejlgaard, Niels and Bloch, Carter
- Subjects
SCIENCE & society ,SCIENCE & state ,LEARNING ,RESEARCH ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
This paper introduces a special section of Science and Public Policy on science in society in Europe. Based on extensive data collected for the Monitoring Policy and Research Activities on Science in Society in Europe (MASIS) project, contributions to this special section explore pertinent issues related to the location, role and responsibility of science across EU member states and associated countries. By developing analytical typologies and classifying countries, the collection of papers provides a novel and detailed picture of Europe. It reveals considerable variation regarding the interactions of science and society at the national level, and it offers a platform for international learning. The identification of patterns and trends concerning the place of science in society may also feed into emerging European discussions about 'responsible research and innovation'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
179. Introduction: The Implications for Theory and Practice of Comparing the Treatment of Intersectionality in the Equality Architecture in Europe.
- Author
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Verloo, Mieke and Walby, Sylvia
- Subjects
INTERSECTIONALITY ,FEMINIST theory - Abstract
The article presents an introduction in which the authors discuss the various articles within the edition on the issue of intersectionality relating to feminist theory within European countries, with an emphasis on the comparative analysis between the countries.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
180. A new multidimensional ranking of shadow economy for EU countries.
- Author
-
ZAMAN, Gheorghe and GOSCHIN, Zizi
- Subjects
MULTIDIMENSIONAL scaling ,INFORMAL sector - Abstract
Shadow economy is a perennial, multifaceted and hard to gauge phenomenon that affects to some degree all countries. Scientific research needs to develop rigorous and internationally comparable metrics of shadow economy in order to avoid possible misunderstanding, exaggeration and sometimes bad intentions concerning the assessment of shadow economy, corruption and fiscal fraud. Considering the limitations of single shadow economy indicators we propose a more comprehensive measurement based on a new synthetic shadow economy index (SSEI). This index encompasses three relevant indicators, namely the size of shadow economy per capita, the shadow economy relative to GDP and the countries' shares in EU total shadow economy. The analysis covered the period 1999 to 2012 and the results indicated that some of the developed EU countries, rather than the new members, are on top positions of the shadow economy. We also found a sigma convergence trend in shadow economy size and intensity among EU-28 countries over 1999-2012. The main conclusion of our paper is that the analyses of shadow economy should be based on a set of relevant indicators, instead of a single indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
181. Energy efficiency and the policy mix.
- Author
-
Rosenow, Jan, Fawcett, Tina, Eyre, Nick, and Oikonomou, Vlasis
- Subjects
ENERGY policy ,GOVERNMENT policy ,BUILDINGS & the environment ,CARBON dioxide mitigation ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
Energy efficiency policy is expected to play a key role for meeting the European Union's energy targets (particularly for reduced energy demand and reduced CO2emissions) using a range of policy instrument combinations. However, most analyses undertaken so far have focused on single-policy measures rather than developing a more generic framework for assessing to what extent a particular policy mix is effective and under which specific conditions. This paper both contributes to the theoretical literature on policy mixes and undertakes an empirical analysis of the current policy mixes in buildings efficiency policy in 14 European Union countries. Building on the existing literature, and using expert knowledge, an assessment of the interaction of 55 pairs of policies is presented. This identifies policy mixes likely to deliver more, less or the same energy savings in combination than singly. The theoretical assessment is compared with actual policy mixes present within the European Union, highlighting that combinations of multiple financial incentives may need further investigation. By bringing these forms of knowledge together, the paper suggests how buildings policy mixes could be made more effective, shows gaps in current knowledge and highlights key research needs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
182. Bridging the Gap in the Shifting Sands of Non-controlling Financial Holdings?
- Author
-
CORRADI, Marco Claudio
- Subjects
STOCKHOLDERS' pre-emptive rights ,UNFAIR competition ,CORPORATION law - Abstract
Hawk and Huser, who started the legal debate on EU competition law relating to minority shareholdings, compared the evolving legal situation in the 1990s to shifting sands. More than two decades after their demand for a clearer approach, the situation has not substantially changed. The legal framework emerging from the recent Commission White Paper, entitled 'Towards a More Effective Merger Control', looks to be struggling in the midst of two kinds of shifting sands, that is, on the one hand, those pertaining to the uncertainty of current EU competition law on this matter and, on the other hand, those represented by evolving European corporate law and practice, among which are the increasing introduction of stronger minority shareholder rights, the diffusion of new forms of equity ownership, for instance the so-called morphable ownership, and the emergence of hybrid finance, especially in the banking sector. Such uncertainties at the corporate law level may suggest the opportunity to improve the proposed reform framework, redesigning thresholds, including the assessment of the anticompetitive effects of debt and hybrid financial instruments and eventually the decentralization of part or all of the application of the new rules at a national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
183. Effectiveness of Water Management in Europe in the 21st Century.
- Author
-
Ziolkowska, Jadwiga and Ziolkowski, Bozydar
- Subjects
WATER management ,SUSTAINABILITY ,SUSTAINABLE development ,WATER use ,WATER supply research - Abstract
Research on water scarcity and water management in Europe has accelerated significantly in the past two decades, mainly as a result of growing water demand for agricultural, industrial, and municipal uses. Most research studies in the field evaluate water use and management by means of static indicators that depict a one-time value for a given time period (e.g., one year). This paper suggests a dynamic indicator measuring product (here: water) generational dematerialization. The indicator presents a comprehensive approach for evaluating water resources and water management strategies, as it represents a function of both resource use changes and population changes occurring simultaneously and over time. To accentuate the benefits of this dynamic indicator over static indicators as well as its practical applicability for decision-making support, the paper evaluates water management in Europe based on the total water use between 2001 and 2013. The results show that water management estimated cumulatively for the analyzed European countries has been effective for the last 13 years, though significant regional variations have been found. The research and the dynamic water generational dematerialization indicator can be helpful with addressing regional and national water deficit problems and designing sustainable water management strategies in the mid- and long-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
184. The first steps towards harmonizing public sector accounting for European Union member states: strategies and perspectives.
- Author
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Pontoppidan, Caroline Aggestam and Brusca, Isabel
- Subjects
PUBLIC sector ,INTERNATIONAL unification of law ,GOVERNMENT accounting standards ,STAKEHOLDERS ,ACCOUNTING - Abstract
This paper analyses the process that led the European Commission to the decision to develop European Public Sector Accounting Standards (EPSAS) for harmonizing public sector accounting practices within the European Union. The paper finds that there was limited scope in terms of stakeholder participation in the public consultation that served as a basis for the decision. In addition, the decision to adopt EPSAS for EU member states raises questions on the relationship between regional and global governance in the area of public sector accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
185. Medium term economic dynamics of the Euro Area.
- Author
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Mc Morrow, K., Orlandi, F., Raciborski, R., Roeger, W., Vandermeulen, V., in'tVeld, J., and Vogel, L.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in the Eurozone ,FINANCIAL crises ,ECONOMIC reform ,GROSS domestic product ,MONETARY policy ,TWENTY-first century - Abstract
This paper analysis the Euro area's growth over the last 15-20 years and provides a medium term outlook. We find that in a no policy change scenario, growth will be subdued, essentially reflecting the influence of weak pre-crisis trends, most notably for TFP (especially since the mid-1990's). This trend will be exacerbated over the coming decade by the ongoing negative fallout from the financial crisis and by the emerging drag on growth emanating from ageing populations. Unlike in standard recessions, the GDP losses relative to a pre-crisis projection appear to be permanent. The picture presented could potentially improve with the implementation of an ambitious programme of structural reforms focussed on boosting employment and productivity. Since the usefulness of such policies is controversial in the current juncture with constrained monetary policy, the paper also looks at the impact of such reforms in a realistically calibrated model and concludes that fears of large permanent deflationary effects from structural reforms are exaggerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
186. LOW INTEREST RATES - DO THEY REVISE HOUSEHOLD SAVING MOTIVES IN THE EURO AREA?
- Author
-
KOCHANIK, KATARZYNA
- Subjects
FINANCIAL institutions ,INTEREST rates ,SAVINGS ,DISPOSABLE income ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) - Abstract
This paper presents the impact of decreasing MFI interest rates on household deposits and saving goals in 12 Monetary Union member countries in the years 2009-2015. It analyses tendencies in household deposits (overnight, with agreed maturity and redeemable at notice), and att empts to link them with certain household saving motives (target, retirement and precautionary). The paper identifies those deposit categories which appeared as sensitive to declining interest rates and indicates the Eurozone countries whose populations are expected to revise their savings plans. Precise implications are drawn for target saving motives of households in Austria, Cyprus and Malta. However, in the case of two other motives, the analysis does not conclude on the impact of decreasing MFI interest rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
187. TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.
- Author
-
Čekmeová, Petra
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL productivity ,ECONOMIC development ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of International Relations / Medzinarodne Vztahy is the property of University of Economics in Bratislava, Faculty of International Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
188. A Missed Opportunity: The Fundamental Rights Agency and the Euro Area Crisis.
- Author
-
Hinarejos, Alicia
- Subjects
CIVIL rights ,EUROZONE ,EUROPEAN Union law ,LAW enforcement ,INTERGOVERNMENTALISM - Abstract
This paper focuses on the role played by the Agency for Fundamental Rights in the wake of the euro area crisis. The Agency was created as part of a wider trend towards a broader, more pro-active strategy for the protection of fundamental rights that includes administrative and political rights promotion as a complement to judicial enforcement. In the context of the euro crisis, however, the Agency has not been able to fulfil this role. This paper will analyze the reasons for this missed opportunity, as well as its consequences. It will argue that the sidelining of the Agency in this area is due to the confluence of two factors: on the one hand, the Agency's lack of discretion in setting its own agenda; and, on the other, the predominance of the executive, and resulting resurgence of intergovernmentalism, that have been a feature of post-crisis developments. Ultimately, this paper argues that the sidelining of the Agency in this context is an unfortunate result, given the magnitude of the political debate in this area and the valuable role that the Agency might have played or could still play in informing it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
189. Who sets the agenda? The influence of the European Commission and the European Council in shaping the EU's response to the European sovereign debt crisis.
- Author
-
Moloney, David
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Sovereign Debt Crisis, 2009-2018 ,FINANCIAL crises ,PUBLIC debts ,ECONOMIC conditions in the Eurozone ,EUROZONE economic policy - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to assess whether the European Commission or the European Council shaped the European Union's response to the sovereign debt crisis through their respective agenda-setting powers. The paper uses process tracing complemented with interviews to demonstrate the influence of the European Commission and the European Council in this regard. Theoretically, the paper is anchored by a framework of agenda-setting dynamics which is used to assess the European Commission and European Council's influence in reforming the European Union's economic governance framework. A systematic analysis of the negotiations of these reforms between 2010 and 2013 indicate that the European Council wielded policy influence through its agenda-setting powers. Conversely, the European Commission exercised less influence in those negotiations, despite its position as the European Union's de facto agenda-setter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
190. THE TRANSPORT SERVICE OF SMALL TOWNS.
- Author
-
Gnap, Jozef, Kupčuljaková, Jana, Černický, Ľubomír, and Dydkowski, Grzegorz
- Subjects
PUBLIC transit ,URBAN transportation ,SMALL cities ,MULTIPLE criteria decision making - Abstract
The paper is focused on assessment of the transport services in small towns. Current legislation in the Slovak Republic, however, does not clearly determine which cities must provide the urban public transport (UPT). Analysis of the current state of the UPT evaluated 71 district towns of the SR and it was found out that 21 towns did not provide operation of the UPT. Another criterion for evaluation was the number of inhabitants of the city over 10,000 in Slovakia and selected regions of the Czech Republic and Poland. The paper presents results of a research conducted in the area of a transport operation, along with a proposal for the content of the methodology, based on a multi-criterial analysis to assess the need to introduce the UPT. The EU research results, regarding dependency of a GDP size and transport performances in UPT in selected EU states, Switzerland and Norway, are presented, as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
191. Excessive pricing in the pharmaceutical industry: adding another string to the bow of EU competition law.
- Author
-
Danieli, Diletta
- Subjects
DRUG laws ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,ANTITRUST law ,PUBLIC health ,EUROPEAN law - Abstract
The paper addresses the issue of excessive price abuse under Article 102(a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), by drawing inspiration from a recent stream of cases (developed first at the national and then at the EU level) involving pharmaceutical companies marketing off-patent drugs. In particular, the two 'most advanced' cases are analysed: Aspen in Italy and Pfizer/Flynn in the United Kingdom. This new-found attention towards exploitative practices in the form of excessive and unfair pricing by dominant undertakings that have traditionally been subject to a cautious antitrust scrutiny seems worth exploring for a number of reasons, as illustrated in the paper. Ultimately, it is argued that this further 'interference' of competition law into the realms of regulation may be actually justified, albeit subject to precise conditions for enforcement, and may pursue policy objectives in the wider context of EU health law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
192. Prioritisation of operations improvement projects in the European manufacturing industry.
- Author
-
Kirkham, Louis, Garza-Reyes, Jose Arturo, Kumar, Vikas, and Antony, Jiju
- Subjects
SIX Sigma ,QUALITY control standards ,LEAN management ,MANUFACTURING industries ,MANUFACTURING processes ,MANUFACTURED products - Abstract
To improve their competitive ability, organisations are turning towards implementing improvements into their operations and processes. Whilst operations improvement projects are often identified with relative ease, resource constraints limit the ability of organisations to conduct them simultaneously. This paper supports the limited empirical research on prioritisation of improvement initiatives by investigating how European manufacturing organisations conduct this activity. To do this, four hypotheses and two research questions were formulated and tested using a combination of descriptive statistics and two proportion T-tests, while data was collected through a survey questionnaire responded by 203 organisations. The results highlight the importance of objectively prioritising improvement projects and establish that the adoption of this method increases through the implementation of improvement methodologies, especially those that stipulate the use of objective methods towards project prioritisation. In this way, Six Sigma is defined as the most influential improvement methodology for supporting the use of objective prioritisation approaches. The paper also identifies the reasons as to why organisations adopt subjective over objective prioritisation methods, and the most common approaches used by large organisations and small and medium enterprises. This research provides organisations, and their managers, with a better understanding of the different factors that affect this key aspect of operations improvement projects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
193. Sterling CP bonus for European SSAs.
- Author
-
McGlashan, Craig
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL paper issues ,GOVERNMENT securities ,POUND sterling - Abstract
The article reports that the withdrawal of banks from the commercial paper sector in Europe as of May 6, 2015 has been beneficial for European sovereigns, supranationals and agencies debt securities that found significant demand for sterling notes.
- Published
- 2015
194. Critical approaches to transit migration.
- Author
-
Collyer, Michael, Düvell, Franck, and de Haas, Hein
- Subjects
IMMIGRATION policy ,HUMAN migrations ,IMMIGRANTS ,COLD War & politics - Abstract
ABSTRACT This article introduces the subject of this special issue and presents the papers that follow. It traces the origins of the label 'transit migration' to discussions of what was called the 'new migration' in the early 1990s. These migrations related to the particular geopolitical context at the end of the Cold War. Though they established the pre-emptive rationale whereby concern is focused as much on potential migration as on actual movement, there have been four substantial changes since then. As the geopolitical context has changed, so has the geographies of migration, with a general shift of attention from east-west to south-north; the technological supports of migration have improved, allowing migrants easier, cheaper access to different routes; the categories of migrant have proliferated and finally similar movements may be observed all over the world though only those in the vicinity of Europe are labelled as 'transit'. This leads us to a critical stance around the term 'transit' that is common to all papers in this special issue. Nevertheless, despite the problematic term, there is something worthy of attention amongst these new developments around the fringes of Europe. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
195. Measuring global competition.
- Author
-
Camlek, Victor
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL competition ,GROSS domestic product ,EMERGING markets ,PUBLISHING - Abstract
The goal of this paper is to describe selected leading indicators of global competitiveness. This will be accomplished by reviewing several selected sources that focus on various metrics. The reported data was determined to be the most recent at the time of a presentation of this material to NFAIS in February 2012. The goal of this paper is to be objective and informational. Each of the selected indicators will be described in a high-level with a brief review of significant results. This paper will illustrate that there is no one 'global leader' across the various categories that are reviewed. The data will show that well established economies, such as the US and EU countries continued to maintain significant levels of funding and achievement, yet these data will also demonstrate how leading positions are being eroded by rapid advances among emerging economies led by China. The Regionally Developing Economies (RDEs) are visibly increasing their positions in various rankings. The data also shows that some of the smaller, yet more established economies, such as Switzerland achieved top positions when a variety of input and output pillars and sub-pillars are utilized within the assessment methodology. Switzerland has long been considered to be a wealthy economy. Finally, the presentation will review, at a high-level the status of STM publishing within an increasingly global market. The paper will summarize recent activities and point to selected RDE markets where local STM market forces are emerging, either in the form of incumbent global publishers who are establishing presence via local partnerships or country-specific publishing operations. In addition, the emerging markets feature notable in-country participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Effectiveness of Collaboration on Innovation Activity in the EU Regions.
- Author
-
Matras-Bolibok, Anna, Bolibok, Piotr, and Kijek, Tomasz
- Subjects
SMALL business management ,INNOVATIONS in business ,BUSINESS ,PATENT applications ,BUSINESS development - Abstract
The complexity of innovation processes implies the necessity of undertaking collaboration between innovation active enterprises, scientific and research units, clients, suppliers, consulting units, and the regional authorities. The benefits obtained through this interorganisational collaboration should contribute to an increased effectiveness of innovation activity. The paper aims at empirical evaluation of the relation between collaboration on innovation activity and the effectiveness of this activity in the EU regions. The data for the analysis were extracted from the EU Regional Innovation Scoreboard. The research sample covered 234 European regions from 23 countries over the period 2007-2016. In order to achieve the aim of the paper, the cross-sectional analyses of parametric and non-parametric correlations between the normalised variables representing the share of collaborating innovative small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and diverse measures of innovation output, including: EPO patent applications, share of SMEs introducing innovations (product, process, marketing or organizational) and the sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm innovations as a percentage of total turnover. Given the likely multi-dimensional interdependencies and feedbacks between the enablers of innovative processes, intensity of innovative activities in the business sector, and their final outcomes, the investigated associations were additionally tested using the partial correlation analysis for the impact of selected control variables regarding the human capital and R&D activities. The results of the investigation indicate that, in general, regions characterised with more intense collaboration between innovative enterprises tend to exhibit higher effectiveness of innovative activities, as indicated by the positive and statistically significant correlations between the share of collaborating innovative SMEs and the key innovation output indicators of the EU regions. These results confirm a crucial role of collaboration in a successfully accomplished innovation process and imply the necessity of creating favourable conditions for the interactions between innovation-active entities. A key part in this field should be assigned to the regional authorities, which should facilitate the emergence of the networks of collaboration by using the appropriate mechanisms and instruments of regional and innovation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
197. THE VOLUME OF WOOD FOREST RESOURCES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES.
- Author
-
TURCZAK, Anna
- Subjects
FORESTS & forestry ,FOREST management ,ENVIRONMENTAL protection ,SUSTAINABLE development ,SUSTAINABILITY - Abstract
The contributions of forests to the well-being of humankind are extraordinarily vast and far-reaching. They are an important element in mitigating climate change. The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of particular factors on the diversity of the European Union countries in terms of the amount of wood forest resources compared with the country size. Two factors affecting the variable have been analysed in the paper: 1) the growing stock per 1 hectare of forest area and 2) the quotient of the forest area and the land area without inland water. Those two independent variables are directly proportional to the dependent variable, thus the higher the growing stock density and the higher the forest cover, the bigger the amount of wood forest resources of the analysed country. The causal analysis allowed to answer the question how the two factors affect the variable considered in the twenty eight countries, namely, what the direction and the strength of their influence are. The logarithmic method was used to carry out the causal analysis. The average results obtained for the entire European Union were compared with those received for each country separately and, on this basis, final conclusions were drawn. Data for 2005, 2010 and 2015 have been used for all needed calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. A European Civil Law -- for Whom and What Should it Include? Reflections on the Scope of Application of a Future European Legal Instrument.
- Author
-
Augenhofer, Susanne
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL law ,EUROPEAN civics ,BORDER trade ,CONFLICT of laws ,CONTRACTS - Abstract
Copyright of European Review of Contract Law is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
199. INTER-INDUSTRY WAGE DIFFERENTIALS IN EU COUNTRIES: WHAT DO CROSS-COUNTRY TIME VARYING DATA ADD TO THE PICTURE?
- Author
-
Caju, Philip Du, Lamo, Ana, Poelhekke, Steven, Kátay, Gábor, and Nicolitsas, Daphne
- Subjects
WAGE differentials ,INDUSTRIES ,WAGES ,JOB descriptions - Abstract
This paper documents the existence and main patterns of inter-industry wage differentials across a large number of industries for eight EU countries at two points in time (in general 1995 and 2002) and explores possible explanations for these patterns. The analysis uses the European Structure of Earnings Survey, an internationally harmonised matched employer-employee data set, to estimate industry wage differentials conditional on a rich set of employee, employer, and job characteristics. After investigating the possibility that unobservable employee characteristics lie behind conditional wage differentials, a hypothesis which cannot be accepted, the paper investigates the role of institutional, industry structure, and industry performance characteristics in explaining industry wage differentials. The results suggest that inter-industry wage differentials could reflect efficiency wages or rent-sharing mechanisms and that rent-sharing is more likely in industries with firm-level collective agreements and with higher-collective agreement coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
200. China Issues EU Policy Paper.
- Author
-
Feng Zhongping, Chris
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Reports on China's issuance of its first European Union policy paper. Highlighting of China's diplomatic idea of 'active participation'; Significance of the paper to China's foreign relations; Setting of clear objectives in developing China-European Union relations in the political, economic and cultural fields.
- Published
- 2003
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