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[Display omitted] • Fire-excluded sandhills require density control of plant life forms for longleaf pine regeneration. • Midstory saplings do not affect longleaf pine regeneration. • Longleaf pine impedes its own regeneration when basal area exceeds threshold values. • Sand pine and evergreen hardwoods impede longleaf pine regeneration, but deciduous oaks facilitate it. Longleaf pine researchers have quantified many aspects of regeneration, growth and yield, but have focused on productive sites such as pine flatwoods and upland pine. Sandhill longleaf pine woodlands represent >40 % of remnant stands of longleaf pine ecosystems; most have no history of agriculture due to poor site productivity, yet many have been degraded by resin collection, grazing and fire exclusion. Restoration of structure and function of sandhill longleaf pine depends on understanding early stand-development processes, which are governed by fire, propagule availability, and competition from a range of overstory tree species not limited to longleaf pine. We analyzed a 16-year monitoring dataset from Eglin Air Force Base in northwest Florida, USA, focusing on how four tree growth forms influenced longleaf pine juvenile stages of seedling and sapling numbers and ingrowth to the subadult size class. Analyses were done with generalized linear mixed models using Poisson, normal, or negative binomial error distributions according to the response variable. Restoration activities were effective at reducing numbers of sapling evergreen hardwoods, and basal area of overstory sand pine and other non-longleaf conifers was reduced by 35 % over the 16-year study. We observed threshold values for adult longleaf pine effects on seedlings and ingrowth; seedling numbers were maximized at 7.8 m2/ha, and ingrowth was maximum at 5.1 m2/ha. Seedling density was strongly governed by mast year. Sand pine, an invasive native pine, was detrimental to longleaf pine at all juvenile life stages even at low basal area. Deciduous oaks, which have been observed to facilitate longleaf pine seedling establishment, instead facilitated ingrowth to the subadult size class. Evergreen hardwoods, which may dampen fire behavior, only decreased longleaf pine density at the sapling stage. Ongoing silvicultural restoration activities should continue to focus on frequent fire and sand pine removal; deciduous oaks should be retained for their facilitative value; and removal of evergreen hardwoods should not be a high priority as long as prescribed fire can propagate in these lower productivity sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]