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In this article, the electrical model of a millimeter-wave (mmW), silicon-based noise source is developed in the frequency range up to 325 GHz. The model is studied as a function of the biasing current and the structure size. The noise source is based on a Schottky diode realized on the 55-nm SiGe BiCMOS technology from STMicroelectronics, Crolles, France. Due to the ability of being integrated on silicon, this noise source can be used for high-frequency in situ noise characterization of advanced silicon CMOS or bipolar technologies in the mmW range. In previous study, the diode was used as a noise source when biased near the avalanche regime, and an excess noise ratio (ENR) up to 20 dB has been achieved in a frequency range up to 260 GHz. In this article, the ENR value of the diode is retrieved from the electrical model and compared to the value extracted by measurements. The extracted ENR value was also studied for several diode sizes and biasing currents and measured up to 325 GHz, with a good agreement with the modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article will address the receipt procedures of the European local development program, LEADER, in France and Lithuania. We will use an empirical approach to focus on groups of actors who have supported, at local level, the LEADER device. Formally, these local action groups (LAGs) proceed in the creation of networking partnerships. These engage local stakeholders in a collective approach by interdependence links, more or less complex and more or less intense. These links are the basis for a local action system which reexamines the organization of the local area. From the study of the configuration of local partnerships in the LAGs of Gevaudan-Lozère (France) and Joniškis (Lithuania), the research asks about the transformation at local level of the public action mode in two different national contexts. Priority is given to the monographic study, the analysis of the composition of actors' networks in charge of local development, then the nature of linkages between individuals of these networks. This article will help to understand how local action systems face the interplay between national logics of institutional transfer and local context effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]