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Demonstrates the financial and political benefits derived from female benefice holding, with reference to the Montmorency family in the 16th and 17th century France. Background on the members of the family; Contribution of dowries for daughters entering religious life; Problems posed by the family's spiritual development.

Focuses on the secretaries of Henri I duc de Montmorency, governor of Languedoc, France from 1563 to 1614. Significance of kinship in the establishment of French royal and aristocratic secretariats and households; Factor that has significance for the educational achievements of Montmorency's secretaries; Sensitivity of the secretary's role.

Background: Proenkephalin A (PENK) and its receptors are widely distributed. Enkephalins are cardiodepressive and difficult to measure directly. PENK is a stable surrogate analyte of labile enkephalins that is correlated inversely with renal function. Cardiorenal syndrome is common in acute heart failure (HF) and portends poor prognosis.Objectives: This study assessed the prognostic value of PENK in acute HF, by identifying levels that may be useful in clinical decisions, and evaluated its utility for predicting cardiorenal syndrome.Methods: This multicenter study measured PENK in 1,908 patients with acute HF (1,186 male; mean age 75.66 ± 11.74 years). The primary endpoint was 1-year all-cause mortality; secondary endpoints were in-hospital mortality, all-cause mortality or HF rehospitalization within 1 year, and in-hospital worsening renal function, defined as a rise in plasma creatinine ≥26.5 μmol/l or 50% higher than the admission value within 5 days of presentation.Results: During 1-year follow-up, 518 patients died. Measures of renal function were the major determinants of PENK levels. PENK independently predicted worsening renal function (odds ratio: 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24 to 2.00; p < 0.0005) with a model receiver-operating characteristic area of 0.69. PENK was associated with the degree of worsening renal function. Multivariable Cox regression models showed that PENK level was an independent predictor of 1-year mortality (p < 0.0005) and 1-year death and/or HF (hazard ratio: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.45; p = 0.001). PENK levels independently predicted outcomes at 3 or 6 months and were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, predominantly down-classifying risk in survivors when added to clinical scores; levels <133.3 pmol/l and >211.3 pmol/l detected low-risk and high-risk patients, respectively.Conclusions: PENK levels reflect cardiorenal status in acute HF and are prognostic for worsening renal function and in-hospital mortality as well as mortality during follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]